Vol 8, No 4 (2017)

The article is written in memoria of Sergey Yurievich Preobrahzhensky, linguist and poet. It tackles upon the scientific interests of the scholar, deals with his principal concepts in prosody and other spheres of poetics. Besides, It also contains a brief characteristics and examples of his own poetic work.

The article is devoted to the study of the definition of “Love” based on the lexico-semantic aspect presented in the lyrics and letters of A.K. Tolstoy. The author investigates the lexemes included in the lexical semantic fields “Love”, “Time”, “Space”, revealing the semantic changes in their semantic structure which occur under the influence of the contextual environment. The lexico-semantic expression of the “chronotope of love” in the analyzed texts of the letters actualizes the local-temporal seme in the structure of lexemes that are not related to the semantics of space and time, which leads to the semantic variety of the A.K. Tolstoy’s epistolary. The representation of the philosophical category “Love” in the poet’s letters is compared with the lexical-semantic expression of this concept in the author’s poetry. The com-parison is made with the help of the dictionary article “Love” from the poetic vocabulary of A.K. Tolstoy’s language, which is currently under development, is used. The comparative analysis allows us to determine the relation of the main philosophical constants “time”, “space”, “movement” to the concepts of “love” and “God”, which are the semantic basis of texts of the letters and poetic works of A.K. Tolstoy. Such a study allows us to determine the range of the main lexical representatives of the “love chronotope” in the consid-ered fragment of the writer’s work, which details the linguistic picture of the author’s world and reveals the worldview of the elite language personality.

The urgency of the work is due to the fact that modern speech activity has a distinct creative character. The research of the creative potential itself in the linguistic system, on the one hand, and linguistic identity (the speaker), on the other, is one of actual directions of modern linguistics. The different definitions of types of speech cannot give a full description of the variety of types of modern Russian speech. One of the steps towards a modern perspective on this issue is the selection and description of creative styles of speech that have a differential feature as the creative transformation of language units into the facts of speech. The appeal to the sphere of creative types of speech allows to understand a new perspective on the main language features. So in modern linguistics is being formed the representation of creative function, therefore there is a need of analysis of this feature in the aspect of its interaction with aesthetic function and linguistic manipulation. Analysis of the implementation of these functions in creative types of speech allows to identify texts with an imaginative task (with imagery in a broad sense), where the realization of the aesthetic function is a necessary condition, and the texts with a creative task, characterized by the realization of creative functions, as well as linguistic manipulation. Despite the fact that some advertising slogans can be combined with several imaginative means to talk about their aesthetic values, ad-vertising slogans should be attributed to the texts with a creative task.

Through constant language contacts, loan words have become an indivisible part of the Chinese vocabulary. The process of assimilation loan words has long existed in Chinese language. Typical ways of assimilation loan words with English origin in Chinese language are phonetic and semantic ways. In the history of Chinese language, existed a period when the same English loan word could be translated at the same time in phonetic and semantic ways. During the assimilation of English words, exists the fact of replacing semantic way to phonetic way, and vice versa. Till now, in Chinese linguistics “competition” between phonetic borrowing and semantic borrowing is still an open controversy. In their works, Chinese linguists have different views on the use of phonetic and semantic ways. After selection and review of scientific works of Chinese linguists, this article in detail considers different ways of assimilation and possible variants of transfer English loanwords in Chinese language. This work also gives many examples from modern Chinese mass media. For more in-depth comparison and study of semantic and phonetic ways of assimilation words in modern Chinese language, this article uses the method of comparative analysis. The results of the conducted research highlights the trend of using alphabetic abbreviation and using semantic way of assimilation English words in modern Chinese language.

The relevance of the article is defined by the primary appeal to a comparative analysis of the development of lexicography in countries with a totalitarian society. The analyzed material is con-sidered from the point of view of the “totalitarian” linguistics, which is considered as a set of discursive practices inherent to the totalitarian era. The aim of the present article is the confirmation of the hypothesis put forward by the author, that the totalitarian state, regardless of the time frames, generates a special kind of linguistics, which has a set of certain features making it totalitarian type according to the current political semantics. The subject of the study is the lexicographic works of the totalitarian era in Italy and Albania. The research material of this article was the original lexicographic sources from Italy and Albania, as well as scientific works in the field of lexicography devoted to the period of totalitarianism, mainly represented by foreign linguists. The research is conducted in line with the narrative lexicography, which allows to recreate an objective picture of the status and development of linguistics in totalitarian states, which contributes to the rethinking of the linguistic heritage of totalitarian states, and opens further per-spectives in the field of narrative lingvo historigraphy. The obtained results are characterized by a high degree of novelty. It is the first time when the lexicographical practice of totalitarian states is presented as a comparative analysis of the discursive practices of the totalitarian era. Previously, the study of the lexicography of totalitarian states was implemented on the basis of studying specific aspects of the vocabu-lary and was presented fragmentarily, mostly in foreign languages, which significantly limits the access to the works for Russian-speaking readers. The results of this analysis contribute to a General theory of lexicography and lingvo historigraphy of the twentieth century.

The article is devoted to the problem of translating the verbal component of the creolized text. The study was conducted on the basis of the Arabic and French languages. The author considers strate-gies for translating the verbal component as an integral part of the creolized text of a political caricature. The object of research of the proposed work is the text of a political caricature. The subject of the article is the peculiarities of translating the verbal component from French and Arabic into Russian in combination with visual and paralinguistic components of the caricature. The relevance of the proposed work is related, on the one hand, to the general linguistic interest in the typology of creolized texts and, on the other, to the lack of comparative studies in the scientific tradition on the basis of the French and Arab political cari-catures. The methodological base of the scientific article is the work of researchers of the creolized text as a special sign system having an integrative communicative effect, E.E. Anisimova, Yu.A. Sorokin, E.F. Tarasov, and linguists, dealing with the problems of theory and tactics of translation, L.S. Barkhudarov, V.N. Komissarov, A.P. Parshin, Ya.I. Retsker. The study was conducted on the basis of more than 100 cari-catures in the Arabic and French languages devoted to political events and political leaders of Algeria, Egypt, Russia, Syria, the United States and France.

This article deals with the problem of functioning of financial-economic terms in sphere of treasury on the material of the Uzbek language, which compared with the English and the Russian lan-guages. The archetypal national and borrowed words are analyzed in aspect of equivalence/nonequivalence. An attempt of definition the main and peripheral terms is made in one synonymic row. There is drawn a con-clusion, that in the borrowed terms from the European and the Oriental (the Arabic and the Persian) lan-guages equally function in the modern Uzbek language. The comparative analysis of the material of the Uzbek language and the material of the English and the Russian languages allows to reveal the dominant functioning of borrowed financial-economic terms in sphere of treasury in the Uzbek language. Term “kazna” (treasury, exchequer) is origin of the Arabic language, which was borrowed by the Turkic languages with adoption of Muslim religion. The borrowed term “kazna” (treasury) was used in the same sense as in the Arabic language (treasure, keeper of treasure in government system), but the meaning of that term became wider with time. The notion and term “kazna” were accepted in the European languages from the Turkic languages (or directly from the Arabic language). That term is used in the same senses in all recipient languages. Differences between in senses of recipient languages lie on pronunciation and spelling of that word. Notion and term “kazna” went a long way in formation and development of financial-economic aspect, both Arabic world and countries, which approved that notion and term.

The article is devoted to the communicative field of blogs in their stylistic, genre and dis-course aspects. The urgency of the work is due to the fact that the theory of internet-communicational doesn’t emphasize blog as a separate genre with its own characteristics. The target of research is blog-discourse as a computer-mediated communicative medium, and the scope of research is blog as a macro-genre. The linguist do not separate the blog from other communicative internet-genres, though a new sphere in the internet-communication had been already developed - the studies of virtual genres. The Definition of the blog-genre is complicated by the manysidedness of the internet-blog and by the variety of its study methods. Blog is always a macro-genre of the internet-communication, and a separate publication in blog, named post or posting, forms micro-genres of a blog. And only a diary-blog exists as a macro-genre and has no posts micro-genres. As well as one blog can contain several micro-genres, what is yet more proof that any classification is roughening the true correlation of targets of research. Blogs can also be a medium for building a social network as one of the internet-communication systems and one of the essential parts of the modern internet-discourse.

The relevance of this study is due to the fact that in modern scientific research there is a change in scientific paradigms in the study of language as a poly-paradigmatic system. Thus, the per-ception of a particular word is considered through apprehending the concept behind the verbal code. Within this framework, both the perceptual experience and the previously formed body of knowledge on a sign operate. Verbs denoting the notions “open” and “hide” are studied to reconstruct an integral picture of these processes. The author identified and analyzed the lexical groups and semantic fields in the three lan-guages under the study, and identified the common and distinctive features of the semantic prototypes of the lexico-semantic groups. The data is collected from modern dictionaries and national corpuses. The findings of the cognitive linguistic analysis using the contrastive systems in three related languages allow to reconstruct an integral linguistic picture in studying the notions “open” and “hide”. The study combined the content elements revealed during the processing of the findings of the free associative experiment with the cognitive linguistic analysis of the lexico-semantic groups under the study. The verbs in the lexico-semantic group under the study reflect the features of the national linguistic and cognitive worldview and identify a number of semantic features that make it possible to obtain their comprehensive picture. The research findings allow reconstructing mental representations and stereotyped associations, and re-flecting on broad cultural processes in the history of these three nations.

The proposed article presents a linguistic description of the phenomenon of antiparemia, which existence is usually ignored by researchers. At the present time, due to the development of the theory of the linguistic picture of the world, this linguistic problem becomes topical in a number of living languages of the world. The objectives of this research are: to identify the causes and mechanisms of the anti-paremia in different languages, to consider a general issue of the theory of development of antiparemia in the linguis-tic sphere, and to analyze the transformation of paremia or proverbs into antiparemia. The research material is based on the paremia and antiparemia in Russian, French and Malagasy languages. The subject of this study is the methods of transformation of the proverb. We have selected examples of proverbial sayings of the thematic group “multitude of people”, which, in our opinion, is universal in different languages. Our analysis offers theoretical and practical material for linguistic scientists, teachers, culturologists, students studying this phenomenon. Language material is collected by a massive selection of dictionaries, texts of artistic and journalistic literature. Based on the traditional social wisdom, the proverbs fix the stages of the develop-ment of the national cultural world outlook from early times, which spirit the modern generation is trying to preserve. Nevertheless, the world view changes depending on the spiritual life of the generation, causing the apparition of the phenomenon of antiparemia or antiproverbs, which existence has different mains and functions. This is a common topic and our research offers a description of the reasons for these changes.

Linguists have recently started to explore code switching as a separate aspect. It can be more thoroughly traced in the speech of the bilinguals - people who can operate both languages equally and choose one of them in a suitable situation. However, linguists argue if code-switching is always moti-vated or are bilinguals influenced by the language factors.

SCIENTIFIC WORKSHOP
“GENERAL AND SPECIFIC METHODOLOGY OF PHILOLOGY”
Moscow, RUDN University, April, 3—8, 2017

The statement about unity and entirety of language system, interdependency and interaction of different level language elements belongs to the circle of fundamental problems in language theory. Syllable and morpheme correlation studying could clarify language sign two-side nature. The article demon-strates the analysis of syllabic structure of morph in different word classes in conversational, scientific and literary texts. The main method is statistical, analytical and descriptive methods are also used. Consider-ing syllabic structure of morph scientific text differs from conversational and literary ones, nouns and adjectives oppose verbs. The syllabic structure of morph shows the main grammar tendencies which deter-mine the type of the language.

The material of the endangered Salishan language Squamish is of great importance for the universal principle of constructing a diachronic linguistic structure. Based on the analysis of the vocabu-lary and text material of the Salishan language Squamish the author comes to the hypothesis that in the pro-cess of categorization at the initial stages of the language development the world was perceived as a dynamic phenomenon, which led to the dominance of the verbal predicate, that went through the process of nomi-nalization to express arguments of the sentence. The analysis of the means of transferring substantive vocabulary in the Squamish-English dictionary and in the Squamish text indicates that the majority of the linguistic units of the substantive vocabulary of the language are represented by derivatives, which are actually nominal verbal predicates. Thus, the material of the Squamish language, as well as other Salishan languages, suggests that the categorization of the world at the initial stages of the language development was based on the processes of polycategorization / recategorization of the verb, i.e. in the diachronic model of the grammatical categories at the initial stages of the language development, the omnipresence of the verbal predicate dominated, which recycled to perform the function of the argument.

The aim of the present article is the experience of constructing the linguistic epistemology of the theoretical developments of G.P. Melnikov in the context of the discussion of the foreign philosophy of science about the influence of E. Husserl’s ideas on structural linguistics. The idea of the article was suggested by the international scientific internship “General and Particular Methodology of Philological Science” from 03.04.2017 to 08.04.2017, as well as some generalizations published in the collective mono-graph “The Systemic View as the Basis of Philological Thought” (2016). Linguistic research methods (description, observation) are transferred to the scientific text as material for the reconstruction of the “phenomenological moment” as a conceptual structure. The article analyzes three lines: the initial internal determinant of the desired construct in the methodology of linguistics, the current external determinant of formal coincidence in some parameters, and the current internal determinant of the evaluation of GP. Melnikov’s own constructions in correlation with a certain epistemological system. The conclusion, which is made in the proposed work, concerns the recognition of G.P. Melnikov, the presence of a phenome-nological moment in the “systemology” he deduced.

The Basque language (euskera) is an isolate language spoken by about one million people in northeast Spain and southwest France. According to the most common version about its origin the Basque language is of Aquitanian origin. The aim of this article - to study the modern Basque toponymy, to outline its space and boundaries, to consider its current state in Spain in the light of contacts with the Spanish language applying the methods of onomastic and linguocultural research. An important feature of modern Basque toponymy in Spain is the existence of double names (Basque and Spanish), reflecting the centuries-old contacts of the Basque and Spanish languages. Double names are in the process of standardization in the framework of state policy, and the unification of the literary standard Basque language (euskara batua). Language consciousness of modern Basque population preserves the original Basque toponymy as an essential part of national heritage, although in some cases the Spanish toponyms are preferred to the Basque ones (Bilbao, not Bilbo, for example).

The article generally presents the languages' sociolinguistic categorization of the people’s Republic of China. The languages' Socio-political nomination of any region are derived from the factors such as social, political, historical, ethnic and linguistic system. The result is to create terminology not with ontological, but with discursive nature. Therefore, in each special case it created a kind of category structure with a unique semantic connections between categories, which leads to a fundamental non-equi-valence of the meanings behind similar nominations in different languages and cultures, which make difficult to adequate translation and transmission of these meanings. The article analyzes prototypical nominations of languages within Sino-Tibetan language space, studies the meanings behind them, shows their specificity in comparison with other language spaces. The main attention is paid to the nominations designating the standard Chinese language in its variants, dialects and national minorities languages. The terminological field of nominations is regarded as fundamentally discursive, that is, as a projection of different types ideologies transforming ontological entities.

This article deals with the functions of the Chuvash language in diaspora groups: it is a titu-lar language in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation, yet mainly spread in diaspora groups, in the case of this study it is a diaspora group, inhabiting Moscow and Moscow region. The survey is based on the study of around 100 Moscow diaspora members, who claim to be ethnic Chuvash. The paper states and covers a number of functions of the Chuvash language in diaspora: symbolic, phatic, empathetic, com-municative, quasi-communicative, conspiratorial functions, as well as makes an attempt at determining a language or languages which help respondents to express their emotions or dreams. As a result, a dis-tribution of the functions of the Chuvash language has been established depending on the first or the second generation, a number of regularities and patterns have been brought to light, that mainly deal with the use of the language under certain circumstances in diaspora groups.

The article analyzes the phenomenon of “regional language consciousness” relying on data of psycholinguistic (associative) experiment held with the Tatar bilingual, residing in the Republic of Tatarstan. The experimental data are compared with the materials of the regional Russian associative dictionary (EVRAS) to determine the similarities and differences in the content of the image of “power” in the language consciousness of the respondents - the Tatar and the Russian. Based on the materials of the pilot study conducted in 2015, we outline the prospective for the analysis of “regional language consciousness” taking into account ethnic factors, language, bilingualism, and region of residence. One of the possible ways of presenting the results is a semantic image of relevant structured semantic areas and subareas in accordance with the characteristics of the data and the general objectives of the research project.

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the perception of poverty and wealth in Chinese and Russian world view and indification of the conflictogenity level of the units included in the “wealth/poverty” conceptual field. The topicality of the research is reasonable for necessity to study the above said concepts as the basic cultural values that determine relationships between people in society and the fields of concern. The topic is especially actual due to deepening relationships between Russia and China and economic, political and social changes that took place in the countries during the last decades. The target of the research is to reveal conflictogenity level of the the units included in the “wealth/poverty” conceptual field, which is represented in language consciousness of Russians and Chinese and directed at production of optimal strategy and tactics of successful intercultural communication. The basic research methods are cognitive ones (method of measuring the semantic similarity of language units; cognitive interpretation of the study results) and psycholinguistic. To collect data about the conceptual field in language consciousness of Chinese the association experiment was conducted. To research Russian language con-sciousness we used data of association dictionaries.

In this article by global brands we mean the names of companies, goods and services well-known all over the world (Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Disneyland etc.). This popularity helps such names get into the linguistic consciousness of many nations. Having conducted a thorough analysis of global brands’ usage in Russian post-Soviet mass media, we have found out that they often develop figurative attitudinal meanings and lose onomastic status in some contexts. In time global brands turn into the vivid metaphors which depict various aspects of Russian life. Semantic transformations of these names demonstrate the fluctuations of Russian value system which have been registered in recent 25 years.

The paper suggests that literary discourse provides “realms of memory” that are necessary, according to Pierre Nora, for reconstructing national collective memory. If “realms of memory” are revealed in literary discourse, the selected “realms of memory” will not be overabundant and ideologically determined, as they are in the monumental edition “Realms of Memory” by Pierre Nora. Following Nora’s semiotic approach, the paper argues that “realms of memory” selected in literary discourse should be perceived as nodes in the national collective memory. They shape national memory as a dynamic system since each author give their personal interpretation in his/her work. The paper compares how different are authorial interpretations for the “realms of memory” in two works written in the same period: a collection of poems The Legend of the Ages by Victor Hugo and a novel Les Déracinés by Maurice Barrès. The new actualisations of a “realm of memory” in the literary works allows its new interpretations. However, the intrinsic relationship between the subject who remembers and the object of memory enables to create a “second degree history”, such as it was conceived by Nora, revealing how national memory has been constructed.

The article considers time as the most important semiotic and linguopoetical category of a literary text. The text of A. Kabakov's novel “The Defector (Nevozvrashchenets)” is used to analyse the structure of the temporal category in its semiotic dimensions, namely semantics and pragmatics. It is shown that the contents of semantic fields, which reflect the category of time in the novel, the intersec-tion and interplay between these fields and pragmatic relations based on author's attitudes and reader's interpretation, establish a multi-layered, hierarchical structure of temporality in the fictional text. Moreover, the semantics of fictional time is primarily explained by lexico-grammatical and syntactic linguistic units, while, in terms of pragmatics, the crucial modes of expression are the text organization and the context of the author's intention and the reader's perception. Thus, it is emphasized that the time within fictional text is broader than the time in the language. The results of the text analysis demonstrate how important it is to examine fictional texts from the semiotic viewpoint. It appears that a simultaneous considering of semantics and pragmatics of a text and their correlation and interaction permits us to go beyond the “narrow” grammatical opinion when analys-ing such a complex text category as the time. Taking in consideration linguistic, philosophical, cultural and socio-historical contexts, the researcher expands the boundaries of analysis, increases its authenticity and obtains an opportunity to disclose and interpret all the meanings embedded by the author.