Vol 10, No 1 (2019)

The article shows that G.P. Melnikov’s scientific heritage is still of great importance in the 21th century. As a prominent thinker of the 20th century he both deepened the concept of the systematic nature of the language by creating an evolutionary approach to the problem and laid the foundation for the holistic picture of the world, the development of integrative approach and made it clear that the range of research tools had to be widened. His works support the ideas revealed when the potent directions of modern linguistics are considered in detail in terms of including anthropological, sociological and psychological aspects of language space and language picture of the world into research. To a certain extent G.P. Melnikov’s works supplement the developing theories of integrativeness and transfer, synergies and other.

The article presents some of the results of systematic studies of the functions of the cases in a simple Russian sentence. Primarily, the systemic interpretation of the simplest and simple sentences as syntactic units is postulated, which possess not only different compositions and structures, but also reveal different grammatical meanings and categorial senses. Alongside, the notion of an event is defined and determined; the concept of predication is clarified and redefined; the concept of a dialectic, or causal, syllogism is introduced as a meaning caused by the internal form of a simple sentence. Consecutively, the ostensive definition of the internal determinants of the Russian language is given.

Volume and quality of information circulating in modern society is constantly increasing. To process, record and transfer which it is needed to employ more capacious means that ask for less effort while decoding and perception. This leads to the situation when a semiotically expanded heterogeneous text becomes dominant in the modern information society. This article deals with the means of information coding in heterogeneous texts which mean of transmission is the screen. The classification of information codes based on synthesis of information and semiotic theories is suggested. The case study of a film text demonstrates the codes employed to generate audio-visual message, device of semiotic “stacking doll” is described, the employment of which leads to the appearance of semiotic situation od sumulacrativity, which aim is to make the spectator believe in what is happening on the screen. This article is aimed at specialist audience: students, post-graduates, professors, linguists and others who are interested in general and linguistic semiotics.

The article is devoted to the to the description of the automatic distributive-statistic analysis, distinction in distributive and statistical approaches for the analysis of terminological lexicon, an opportunity of application of the method for automatic text processing, formation of thesauruses and possibility to use it for the identification text genre in the corpse of technical texts.

The topicality of the study of communicative situations with three participants is conditioned by, firstly, the fact that pragma-linguistic characteristics of such form of speech interaction as trilogue should serve as a basis for the program development of chat-robots - virtual interlocutors; secondly, a traditional understanding of a communicative situation without reference to the number of the participants does not fully allow to identify the peculiarities of a person’s speech behavior in small-size speech groups. A communicative situation with three participants possesses a variety of pragmatic characteristic features conditioned by a limited number of verbal communication participants; regularities of turn-taking - the speaker and the listener - among the three participants; the configuration of the participants and the specificity of their relationship; the role-based status of the third person and other circumstances that influence the intentional and semantic aspects of utterances. For the classification of communicative situations two factors are important, particularly, the configuration of the participants and the specificity of their relationship; these features are the ones that determine the other pragmatic characteristics of a communicative situation. Based on these factors three major types of a communicative situation are distinguished: in the first type each of the three communicants are participants of verbal communication taking turns in a conversation, where necessary, with various illocutionary intentions; in the second type one of the communicants is the speaker and two others are addressees; in the third type the first two communicants are primary (the speaker and the addressee) while the third participant is secondary, optional. “The third person” can acquire a definite status in the communicative situation depending on the degree - from minimal to high - of his/her involvement in communication.

Language redundancy is an actual problem for native Russian speakers. In this article, the authors consider the issue of linguistic redundancy in written communication, and describe some of its aspects using examples derived from various scientific and popular-scientific articles in the field of humanities (psychology, linguistics, literary criticism) selected from public Internet sources. The article describes the history of the scientific study of the problem of linguistic redundancy in texts of various styles, presents a typology of examples of linguistic redundancy primarily at the level of a combination of lexical units and at the level of text construction. The research also gives arguments on the reasons for linguistic redundancy emergence and possible steps to overcome it. The object of the study is a popular-scientific and scientific text, the subject of the study are stylistic errors and elements of language redundancy. The material of the analysis is represented in the texts obtained by the method of continuous sampling from collections of scientific articles in the Russian language, posted on the Internet. In each specific example, the authors propose their own way of expressing content without unnecessary lexical units, omitting or replacing them with synonyms and synonymous expressions. The stylistic error causing the problem of linguistic redundancy is a violation of the formal connection of sentences in the text, in which the reference words or link words are repeated. The article provides their typology and examples of errors of this type. The scientific novelty of the research is primarily related to the lack of research on linguistic redundancy on the material of scientific texts In Russian. The authors of the article see the practical value and possible implementation of the results in the drawing attention of the authors of scientific texts to their works in terms of their compliance with the norm in this aspect.

The artice is devoted to the problem of preserving the Cantonese dialect (language) in modern China, where for several decades the government persistently pursued a policy of disseminating of the nation-wide Chinese language (“pǔtōnghuà”). Cantonese is the largest language by speakers among all Chinese languages and it is native to most residents of Guangdong and Hong Kong, however, unlike the languages of the national minorities of China, it is not fully protected by law and is consistently ousted from the education system and out of business communication. In the article the authors carefully analyze the linguistic history of China, the role of dialects in the system of Chinese languages and the historical and political significance of a single written norm. According to the authors, the division of China into two large cultural and historical communities (northern and southern) corresponds to the established linguistic division, but unlike many other countries in the world, the ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural differences between the northern and southern Chinese due to the centuries-old unifying efforts of the central government do not lead to the division of the Chinese nation. The article examines in detail the history of Cantonese, a linguistic analysis of the differences between Cantonese and Putonghua, and on this basis concludes that Cantonese should be considered not as a dialect of Chinese, but rather as a separate language of the Sino-Tibetan language group, albeit closely related to the Chinese language. Analyzing the role of Cantonese in the formation of a special cultural and historical community in Guangdong and Hong Kong, the authors conclude that the declining of the Cantonese dialect (language) will probably occur over the next several decades, unless the language and education policies of the Chinese government are changed. Otherwise this tendency will lead to the loss of the province's identity, which is part of the intangible cultural heritage of the entire Chinese nation.

The article deals with the problem of the formation of the professional (linguistic and cultural) competence of Italian students-culturologists, specializing in the study of Russian culture in its synchronic and diachronic examination. The authors offer a description and analysis of the program implemented by the Pushkin State Russian Language Institute together with the Milan State University. The program includes courses: “History of Russian Culture”, “Modern Russian Literature”, “Language and Culture”. The article focuses on the original course “Language and Culture”, which is part of the program, based on an analysis of the peculiarities of the connection between the Russian language and culture in different historical periods, which fundamentally distinguishes it from traditional language and culture courses. The article describes the features of the structure and content of the course “Language and Culture” for students-culturologists, its goals, tasks and methodological apparatus. The course includes five thematic sections: “The Language and Culture of Ancient Russia”, “The Russian Language and Culture of the 18th Century”, “The Russian Language and Culture of the 19th Century”, “The Russian Language and Culture of the 20th Century”. The main goal of the course is to deepen students’ knowledge of the relationship between the Russian language and culture (in the interaction of diachronic and synchronous components), the development of their communicative competence, mainly in the socio-cultural sphere of communication associated with the future professional activities of the culturologist. An important component of the training in this course is the Multimedia language and culture Dictionary “Russia”, which is publicly available on the Pushkin State Russian Language Institute portal. The dictionary materials (articles, media library, interactive tasks) form the main content of the course.

Nowadays anthropocentric approach is widely used in the study of national culture in the Russian and foreign linguistics. It proves the emergence of linguistic and cultural trends in modern science, in which there is an interest in the issues of conceptualization and linguistic world view. Linguistic world view is a fundamental object of many modern scientists’ research, which is a complex process, the study of which is dictated by the development of linguistics and its individual areas in particular linguoculturology. The concept as a carrier of cultural information of a particular nation and an integral component of the national conceptual sphere unites the whole range of conceptual concepts and scientific views. The concept is a conceptual formation containing individual judgments and generally recognized standard values, i.e. the possible conceptual content of the object study or a linguistic phenomenon. The article considers the main results of the comparative study of the concepts “war” and “peace” and their representation in the linguistic world view of the Russian, English and Japanese languages. The result of the study of these concepts is the modeling of their field organization in the form of verbal and graphical representations, i.e. the content of concepts in the form of their field structures. This modeling allows us to confirm that the field organization of concepts in the implementation of their comparative analysis reveals the relationship of language with the existing reality, as well as reveals the national and specific characteristics of the linguistic consciousness of the ethnic group. The respondents’ reactions to the concepts “war” and “peace” directly depend on their linguistic identity and the type of culture they belong to. The modeling of the field organization provides a complete picture of the national and specific nature of the concepts. It is the concept “war” rather than “peace” that has a higher level of frequency and expressiveness in the native speakers’ minds of all three analyzed languages, that is not surprising, since respondents regardless of their cultural differences constantly face the outside world phenomena and experience the same basic emotions.