Vol 16, No 4 (2025): ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KYRGYZ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER JUSUP BALASAGYN

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The precedent in poetry is a strategy of linguistic influence and manipulation to identify its mechanisms and functions in shaping reader perception and emotional response. Precedent phenomena in poetry are considered as a powerful, but often hidden tool of linguistic manipulation, allowing the poet to influence the reader's consciousness, causing certain associations, emotions and assessments without direct expression. The authors classify precedent phenomena by the type of pretext (utterance, situation, name) and by the form of their existence in a secondary context (quotation, allusion, reminiscence, periphrasis, motive). It is noted that quotations have less impact than reminiscences and allusions, as they are interpreted more unambiguously by readers. However, the transformation of quotations and their inclusion in a new context can serve as a tool of influence. The article also describes the functions of precedent phenomena (ludic, password, modeling, euphemistic, aesthetic and evaluative). The pragmatic function is particularly emphasized, where the precedent phenomenon acts as a tool for creating a certain state of the addressee, becoming a strategy of influence and manipulation. The uniqueness of the article lies in analysis of the mechanisms of linguistic manipulation in poetry through the prism of precedent, demonstrating how the authors use cultural and literary references to subtly shape the reader's perception, emotions and values, making them an active, but often unconscious participant in the process. Examples from the works of Kyrgyzstan poets demonstrate how the use of precedent statements allows poets to achieve complex pragmatic goals and enrich the subtext.

The interest in the category of certainty / uncertainty in linguistics from the point of view of a functional approach and in a comparative aspect led the authors of the study to turn to the semantics of uncertainty and the means of its expression in Russian and Kyrgyz fairy tales. The article reflects the philosophical understanding of the category of certainty / uncertainty of understanding in the representation of Anaximander, Aristotle and Hegel and analyzes the vocabulary with the semantics of uncertainty in fairy tales, which is divided into semantic categories. The authors have identified the means of expressing uncertainty in the selected semantic categories; vocabulary with uncertain semantics in Russian and Kyrgyz fairy tales are given in comparison. Continuous sampling methods, quantitative, descriptive and comparative methods were used.

The conceptual, figurative-situational, and value-based features of this concept are characterized using data from explanatory and synonym dictionaries, national corpora of the Russian and English languages, proverbs, and aphorisms. The paper deals with semiotic characteristics of caution as a behavioral regulative in the Russian and English language and culture. To a significant extent, the features of caution in the cultures being compared coincide, with the subject’s desire to avoid unfavorable circumstances being specified as foresight, thoughtfulness, and care. Caution is understood as a positively evaluated behavior, contrasting with recklessness and excessive caution. The figurative-situational characteristics of caution clarify the dangerous situations in which the subjects find themselves, as well as the unfavorable consequences of imprecise movements and thoughtless speech. Appeals to caution often arise in the speech genres of “call” and “advice.” The main difference in understanding caution in Russian and English linguistic consciousness lies in the fact that in Russian, fear and care are syncretically expressed within this concept, while in English, they are represented by two main nominators, whose primary meanings can be defined as positions of rational or emotionally empathetic attitudes toward reality. The value-based features of the concept of “caution” in paremiology primarily serve as reminders to be vigilant and act prudently. There is a certain difference in the understanding of caution in proverbs and aphorisms: practical admonitions emphasize the benefits of caution and highlight the harms of recklessness, while reflections on human nature critically evaluate excessive caution.

The article analyzes the social perceptions of Chinese youth regarding the most significant sociolinguistic categories (native, common, national, and other languages) within the Chinese-speaking space. The objective of this study was to construct a structural model of the cognitive field associated with these nominations, approached not from logical-rational or conceptual perspectives but through the lens of everyday meanings attributed to them. The primary research method employed was a comprehensive methodology for constructing a Model of the Structure of Representations (MSR), which encompassed several stages: developing a specialized questionnaire, conducting surveys, analyzing the results in accordance with MSR evaluation indices - namely evaluation, agreement, and distance - constructing and visualizing the representation structure model as a graph; followed by interpreting the findings. The survey involved 95 Chinese students majoring in non-humanities disciplines at Russian universities. As an outcome of this investigation, a mental map illustrating the structure of representations for the studied categories was developed. Analysis revealed that the structure of everyday representations of sociolinguistic categories is well-organized, which indicates its significance within young Chinese individuals' linguistic and cognitive worldviews. This structure is characterized by a governing core of representations comprising nominations such as putonghua, mu yu (native language), and hua yu (Chinese language). In contrast, non-standardized language varieties like dialects occupy peripheral positions. The central area of this structure - the sedimentation zone - facilitates flexibility, continuity, and potential appropriation by speakers. Furthermore, an uncertainty zone is linked to nomination fang yan (dialect), reflecting its ambiguous perception along with inherent instability and high likelihood for functional dynamics.

The translation and preservation of elements of the Russian national ethno-cultural code through the study of author’s paradoxes is an urgent area of modern linguistics. The primary objective of our issues in contemporary linguoaxiology and linguopersonology is to investigate the literary text axiosphere and the Sergey Dovlatov’s linguistic personality axiosphere. The article deals with pressing, focusing on the elements transmission and preservation of the Russian national ethnocultural code through the study of author’s paradoxes. The complexity of semantic pair “COSMOS” and “Chaos” is analyzed together with semantic augmentations of traditional oppositionality. The study examines the particular characteristics of authorial semantics within the framework of linguoconceptological and linguopersonological approaches, revealing the means of representing the categories of absurdity, norms and meaningfulness in the writer’s individual style. The effective research methods are employed to investigate the concept of authorial paradoxes, analyzing their internal logical-semantic valence. Conclusions are drawn regarding the Sergey Dovlatov’s aphoristic nature and contextual paradoxes that determine the effectiveness of applying semantic analysis methods applied to characterize stable and reproducible segments of the linguistic continuum. It was identified that paradoxes function as both means of transmitting axiological orientations and the author’s worldview position markers. Systematically characterized the paradoxes capacity and their syncretic nature within the conceptual space of Sergey Dovlatov’s elite linguistic personality, and the paradoxes functioning mechanisms are presented within the paradigm of meanings and the axiological sphere of the literary text. The author’s conceptual scopes transformation is noted, which is closely linked to the formation of a specific conceptual framework significant for the Russian linguocultural code preservation and transmission. The findings highlight regarding the semantic and functional integrity of binary pairs within the Dovlatov’s linguistic personality, with particular emphasis on its organically structured multilayered nature. Further research lies in the comparative analysis of methods used to characterize paradox in the texts of other elite linguistic personalities.

The authors examine Constantine Balmont’s translation (1911) of Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”. The research aims to identify the translator’s main strategies and to interpret this work through the lens of the translingual paradigm. The analysis focuses on linguistic, cultural, aesthetic and functional aspects of the source text, as well as their rendering in the Russian version. A comparative perspective demonstrates that Balmont sought to preserve Poe’s idiosyncratic style and the cognitive and cultural structure of the narrative, while providing explanatory notes where necessary for early twentieth-century Russian readers. The study suggests that Balmont’s translation can be regarded as an early instance of translingual practice, long before the term was introduced in contemporary linguistics. The observations made here do not claim to be exhaustive but indicate new perspectives for further research on Balmont’s role in the Russian reception of Poe and on the potential relevance of the translingual framework for the study of literary translation.

Multiple studies are known to have focused on the category of evaluation by analysing words and expressions in context, nevertheless, the subject needs further exploration on the scale of discourse, where the latter can possess evaluation stance of the interlocutors towards a certain communicative situation. The present research elaborates a cognitive semiotic approach to evaluation stance in discourse. The research material encompasses 171 minutes of expository dialogues; therein 5883 clauses are singled out and subjected to the analysis of evaluation stance, and conclusions on its manifestation and individual variation are formulated. We hypothesise that individual variation in evaluation stance can be described within a cognitive semiotic framework of three dimensions, namely, the ontological (object and subject of evaluation), epistemic (value, degree, and intensity of evaluation), and linguistic (language level of manifestation: lexical, syntactical, and morphological). To prove the hypothesis, we adhere to the methods of experimental discourse analysis by recording and annotating spontaneous dialogues and cognitive semiotic framework by studying the representation of evaluation stance in the three dimensions mentioned above. The results show that the ontological dimension is characterized by the prevalence of the evaluation of a situation as its object without an explicit manifestation of its subject. The epistemic dimension demonstrated the predominance of negative evaluation without intensity markers and with frequent specific evaluation. The linguistic dimension reveals the ultimate majority of cases manifested in the lexical meaning. Individual variation is mostly evident when one regards the object (object/subject), value (positive), degree (general), intensity (present), and language level (syntactical) of evaluation. The results obtained serve as a background for the upcoming research of evaluation stance in natural communication and discourse of different types conducted within the cognitive semiotic framework.

The material of the study consists of 200 news texts from modern online outlets (100 in Russian and 100 in Chinese), selected from two sections: “incidents” and “celebrity news”. The analysis focused on the following types of referential expressions: proper names, pronouns, descriptors (common noun phrases describing a particular characteristic of the referent) as well as their combinations and subtypes (e.g., a descriptor with a name: actor Ivanov ; a compound descriptor: a twenty-year-old actor ). Descriptors belong to the following semantic groups: gender, age, profession, position, country, city, relation to other characters, and situational feature. The novelty of the study lies in the comparative analysis of how the main protagonist of a news text is nominated in two languages that differ substantially in grammatical system and journalistic tradition. The results show that in both languages the protagonist of an incident report is typically introduced by a descriptor, whereas in celebrity news the initial reference combines a proper name and a descriptor. In medial (2-5) mentions, alternation between names and descriptors is observed, while closer to the final mentions the share of pronouns increases. In Chinese incident reports, proper names appear significantly more frequently than in Russian ones, typically in the form of anonymized “indefinite” names with concealed elements. Semantic preferences for descriptors also differ: in Chinese texts gender is explicitly marked lexically, whereas in Russian it is not highlighted due to the grammatical category of gender. In Russian celebrity news, profession is the primary marker, while in Chinese texts greater emphasis is placed on rank or position. In incident reports, references to a city are common: in Chinese texts they usually appear from the very first mention, while in Russian texts they occur from the second mention onward. The findings confirm that the structure of referential chains is determined not only by the grammatical features of the language but also by journalistic traditions and editorial policies. The comparison reveals both universal tendencies in the organization of news discourse and language-specific features of Russian and Chinese media communication.

The linguistic situation in Arab countries is characterized by the presence of several variants of the Arabic language, which interact constantly, complicating the establishment of a lexical corpus for each dialect. This paper analyzes existing approaches to the study of Arabic dialects, identifies shortcomings in the methodology of dialect analysis, and discusses directions for comparative research. It establishes the growing research interest in dialects, highlights the lack of systematic analysis of dialectal vocabulary in Arabic, and notes the interest in the phonetic and grammatical levels of analysis of specific dialects, as well as the lexical level in comparative studies. The authors propose an overview of existing digital solutions to describe and analyze Arabic dialects, highlighting the need to find new lexicographic formats and sources of dialectal material that can help capture the lexical composition and phonetic and grammatical characteristics of dialectal units. They also propose a new approach to organizing a dialectal dictionary and present a project for a multimedia dictionary of the Syrian dialect of Arabic.

The results of an experimental study of the prosodic parameters of interrogative phrases in the differently structured French and Mari languages represent the analysis of the acoustic characteristics of emotionally charged constructions, their common features and differences. Phonetic research demonstrates the presence of some universal intonation aspects: the movement of the fundamental tone; the frequency of the fundamental tone, increasing on the term containing the question; slowing down the pace of speech in the final part of the construction; dynamic organization of utterance. Interrogative utterances in the studied languages are characterized by a sharp rise in the logical center of the phrase. The general characteristics also include the ascending-descending character of the melody, which differs only in the intensity of pitch fluctuations and the tempo of pronunciation. As the speaker's emotional stress increases, the intensity of the dynamic organization of emotional interrogative phrases increases. The instrumental analysis revealed differences in the frequency range, rhythm and tempo of utterances in the compared languages. Dynamic concentration is focused in different parts of the phrase: in French it is localized in the initial part, whereas in Mari, it is in the final segment. The choice of intonation tools largely depends on the ways of actual sentence division, characteristic of each of the languages. The French language makes extensive use of phonetic and grammatical means, whereas the Mari language uses normative phonetic and lexical means. This is the reason for the specificity of the prosodic characteristics of the studied phrases, which has a high degree of emotional impact on the interlocutor. Emotionally colored interrogative phrases are characterized by a pronounced communicative orientation, conveying a variety of emotional states of participants in a speech act, in particular, using such prosodic means as the frequency and orientation of the main tone, frequency range, and tempo of speech associated with the speed of articulation.

The rapid growth of unverified Telegram communities raising issues of conflict between Russian citizens and representatives of other cultures who come to our country to work makes research into the mechanisms of conflict-generating world modeling relevant. The objective of the research is to systematize the criteria for conflictogenic world-modeling, taking into account the complex nature of the social problem. The sample consists of posts published throughout 2024 on two Telegram channels with more than 200 thousand subscribers, retrieved from the “Politics” category. The main methods are Discourse analysis, Contextual analysis, and Case study method. The conflictogenic world-modeling reveals ideological contradictions between the dominant ethnic groups (Russians) and the non-dominant groups of ethnophores (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Turkmens, Azerbaijanis, Armenians) and the crisis of the intercultural relations, caused by the influx of labor migrants into Russia. It is argued that the criteria of conflictogenic world-modeling draw on three types of factors: the complex nature of labor migration processes and the interethnic conflicts; the affordances of the Internet-mediated Telegram communication, and the specifics of the digital language. The socio-psychological and legal factors determine the regulatory and subject-object criteria. The format of the Telegram discourse foregrounds the hypertext criterion and the multimodal criterion. The language, used by the moderators, determines the frequency criterion, the semantic and stylistic criterion, the ethical-speech criterion, the metatextual criterion. The research prospects include the development of the methods for identifying conflictogenic world-models in the digital environment for the timely prevention and constructive resolution of the interethnic conflicts.