Vol 8, No 2 (2017)

We analyze in the present paper the relationship between the correctness of the English and German linguistic cultures and the phenomenon of translation multiplicity. We point out national-linguistic and gender political correctness, realized in English language as feminization, androgenicity and the leveling of the gender marker, from strategy precisione gender in the German language. Comparing these trends with the modern Russian language we are proposing and trying to prove the thesis about the inevitability of the translation multiplicity (as text). We show non-identical versions of the translation texts which arise in the interaction of English, German and Russian languages (in various combinations). We identify optional text transformations in monolingual communication and the negative effects of racial and physiological effeminacy in intercultural and interlingual contacts in the fiction translation: a violation of the author's style, the devaluation of the storyline, discredit the author's text.

The article juxtaposes the use of conventional and creative metaphors of the human inner world in the dystopia “We” by E.I. Zamyatin with that in “1984” by G. Orwell. An analysis based on the methods of metaphorical modelling and continuous sampling reveals the basic metaphorical models of the characters’ inner world in each of the novels. There are the following basic metaphorical models of this sphere in the novel “We”: the professional ones (mathematical, mechanistic, and chemical), the household one, the natural one and the morbial one; their source domains are represented mainly by nouns in combination with adjectives. Metaphors of actions and states (whose source domains are expressed by verbs or nouns in combination with verbs) are characteristic of the novel «1984», the basic ones being metaphorical models of swallowing and physical pain. In the novel “We” the characters’ inner world is mainly represented by creative metaphors, while G. Orwell adds expressivity by other means, and conventional metaphors of the sphere under study prevail in “1984”.

In article the class of numerals in an Armenian-kypchakskom a monument which language system hasn't been studied so far is considered. Comparing monument numerals with numerals of runic monuments (drevnetyursky language) and modern Turkic languages, authors of article reveal their semantic and formal features. The analysis of numerals is carried out in the context of cultural markers of the Turkic people, including the Kazakh people.

Mahmud Kashgaria’s work - “The dictionary of Turkic languages” (“Divan lugat at-tyurk”) is the complex work of comparative-historical linguistics, a lexicography, anthropological linguistics, areal linguistics, a linguistic culture, dialectology. In article the historical questions are considered and its communication with “The map of the Turkic world of the XI century”, the content of “Divanu lugat at-tyurk” in its close coorelation with the “Map” is discovered which is the annex to dictionary reveals. The author of article notes that Mahmud Kashgaria has revealed interrelation of dialectic features of Turkic tribes with their geographical habitat and also language similarity of Turkic tribes. In the conclusion are told that in the history of world linguistics “Divanu lugat at-tyurk” is the first work on areal linguistics.

The article deals with the place names of the West African state of Cape Verde. It is known that the nomination of geographical features, continents, cities, natural features is closely linked to the history and culture of the peoples living in the area. In this connection it is of interest to explore the cultural component reflected in the place names of Cape Verde. The article also analyzes the toponyms in the etymological and structural aspects. Etymological analysis of toponyms involves their consideration in the aspect of the Luso-not-Portogallo of origin, focusing on etymological analysis that is due to this region. The paper proposes a classification according to the semantic criterion: the toponym is of anthropological origin. Structural analysis involves identifying groups of toponyms in the number of components, describes the following types of toponymic units: one word, a different compound, word types, a phrase and an idiom. The research centers on toponyms of Cape-Verde selected by the method of continuous sampling. However this article presents the examples of oikonym, oronym, hagionym, choronym as bearing the universal or national-specific information about the nomination. Some conclusions about the General and specific terms of toponymy of Cape Verde are given.

The toponyms derived from the names are a special group of geographical terms. These antropotoponyms informed that geographical object belongs to definite person or are called by the name of person who placed that place first. The antroponymical elements like bay, bek, bergen, biybi, biyke, gul, jan, zada, murat, nazar, niyaz , take part in the structure of the karakalpak names. In this article these components of antropotoponyms were learned and given antropotoponyms Chimbay region, in which structure there are elements bаy, bek, bergen, biybi, gul, nazar, niyaz, murat, khan . As part of antropotoponyms of this territory these elements are used productively. They are found as part of antropotoponyms first or second component. Also, these elements of anthroponymic (bay, beg, bergen, nazar, niyaz, gul), fold together to form anthroponomy (Bekbay, Beknazar). The system of regional toponymy as part of the names are similar to the above characteristic originality. They are exemplified in local names.

An analysis of presidential debates clearly brings into sharper focus the adversarial function of political discourse. Its manifestations may be an efficient tool for studying the stylistic behaviour of each presidential contender individually and all presidential contenders collectively. The adversarial function is understood as a politician’s use of signs of explicit verbal aggression in order to fight rivals, bash them, and estrange himself or herself from their views. The study, besides singling out confrontation markers of the contenders, claims that the debates show negative trends in the language culture of modern politicians. The predominant relativism, which American English has long been known for, is being replaced by blatant straightforwardness affecting the choice of words, communicative strategies and tactics, and the well-known etiquette rules. This signals the emergence of a new generation of US politicians who will sure affect the local politics and geopolitical arena in the years to come.

Mechanisms of linguistic representation of preceding constructions with origin sphere «Trojan War» are questioned in the article, specifics of its operation in mass-media discourse are identified. To describe the communicative-pragmatic content of political text in this research thematic, semantic and grammar classification of constructions, which were proposed, taking into consideration replaced core component and pragmatic attitudes of recipient. The article states that change of semantic structure is not only to denotative level, but also connotative and pragmatic level, where preceding phenomena «Trojan cycle» acquires new semantic features. Particular properties analysis of preceding constructions with origin sphere «Trojan War» allows to come to a conclusion about the fragment specification of world’s picture, fastened in preceding phenomenon of mythological type.

This paper examines the meaning of universal moral value “freedom” reflected in linguistic consciousness of Russian culture-bearers. It contains the results of the analysis of the way the value is represented on official and common levels of consciousness. Within the framework of the research on the official level of consciousness the data of encyclopedic dictionaries is analysed. That aims to reflect the scientific worldview of Russian culture-bearers. Their everyday worldview is revealed through the analysis of the data of lexicographical literature, Russian text corpus, paroemiological fund as well as the results of associative and psycho-semantic experiments. The methodology of the research is based on the theory of activity approach elaborated by Moscow psycholinguistic School and the triangulation approach designed by V.A. Yanchuk. The latter approach allows to integrate knowledge of different layers and the methodology aiming at obtaining the most precise findings. The results of the given research shows the variety of meanings of the value “freedom” used on the common level of consciousness. That indicates the practical attitude to the value considered in the perception of the Russians. The methods of the analysis has a great potential for further research of different notions.

The article analyzes dynamics of the evaluative relationships of nuclear units of associative-verbal network, which is the model of Russian language consciousness. We classify the evaluation parameter of nuclear units using quantitative indexes and qualitative assessments. Indexing and scaling allow to compare metrics severity of evaluation parameter of units belonging to the linguistic consciousness core of native Russian speaker in the last two decades. We notice some negative dynamics despite of overall stability of evaluative parameters. During the study time period 10% of the investigated core units we have observed there is a decrease in the frequency of evaluative relations, as well as the reduction of evaluative peripheral reactions.

The article is aimed at presenting types of semiotic similitude of the communicatively related semiotic acts in heterogeneous discursive space, namely dramatic discourse which includes monomodal discourse (play) and polymodal discourse (theatrical performance). Making an attempt to reveal the functional basis for intrasemiotic and intersemiotic code metamorphoses within the semiosphere of dramatic discourse the author pays special attention to analogy as a cognitive universal which ensures orderliness across modalities and thus accounts for integrational and complementary nature of communication. Model construction is chosen as a method of analyzing the characteristics and directions of semiosis in dramatic discourse. It makes it possible to define two types of semiotic similitude in dramatic discourse (semiotic identity and image) and to single out four interdependent vectors seen as a model which brings about orderliness through analogy when we deal with heterogeneous discursive space.

The XVII-XVIII centuries are the period of highest French applied art prosperity and its approval in Europe as a recognized standard. This was achieved as a result of the creative development of traditional European ornamental art by French masters, and due to the successful adaptation of oriental decor. The article reveals the peculiarities of figurative language of the East ornamental art, examines the symbolic meaning and the evolution of the most common ornamental motifs of oriental origin in the French decor in the XVII-XVIII centuries. It describes the primary sources, the emergence and development of chinoiserie oriental style in France, as well as the role of prominent French decorators in the formation of this style. The article reveals the value of chinoiserie figurative language as an organic part of the ornamental lexicon in Baroque and Rococo styles.

This article deals with the definition and types of abbreviations in Russian and Chinese languages; abbreviations are compared in both languages on examples taken from the media. The purpose of research is to analyze various types of abbreviations on modern social issues in Russian and Chinese. The basic method is comparison followed by lexical and grammatical commentary. As a result, the differences and similarities of abbreviations in two languages of different structure are revealed.

The article discusses the usage of the place names which appear in the poem “Moses” by Ivan Franko. Particular attention is paid to onyms which have connotations generally inherent biblicisms and realize their semantic and pragmatic potential in the Ukrainian original poem. Also the differences in the choice of translation strategies used by D. Brodskij, V. Azarov and B. Pasternak due to these toponyms were analyzed. As a result of comparative analysis of translations it can be argued that V. Azarov not only kept the number of stanza in translated variant, but also retained almost all place names. An attempt to explore the frequency of geographical names` usage has been defined as a research task. It underlines the importance of semantic meaning of certain place names.

It is sociolinguistically acknowledged that humans are uniquely distinct from other living species due to the fact that they communicate with one another through the use of a particular human language. Furthermore, the number of human languages that exist worldwide is huge. Unsurprisingly, languages can be similar or different form one another as well as the main aims of each language. Standard Arabic and Standard English languages, for instance, are distinct from one another but at the same time they are alike. Explicitly, the two languages are originally different from one another (one Semitic while the other German) but they do share at least some general linguistic features at all levels: phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatics’ level. In this research paper, fields which are closely connected to the linguistic analysis and comparison of languages known as Contrastive Analysis, Comparative Linguistics and Universal Grammar will be referred to in comparing between Standard Arabic and Standard English in terms of their word-order patterns of simple sentences.