Vol 10, No 2 (2019)

The article is devoted to some questions of functioning of quotation units from I.A. Krylov’s fables (actually quotations, literary images, winged expressions and phraseological units created on their basis). The author's word is considered from the standpoint of intertext dynamics, taking into account the complex problems of intertext derivation associated with variation, normative mobility, frequency, segmentation, associative activity, polydiscursivity, diversity and inconsistency of illustrative contexts, types of intertextile contaminations on the background of the phraseological contamination. Intertexual energy of the fable, within the terms of the Russian verbal culture, directed from the source of morality as the foundation works to engage in explicit or implicit citation of the fragments, correlated with the narrative escorts, consequential historical events and the development of a variety of structuralsemantic paradigms and based on a specific organization of the units used. Description of intertext units can be focused on two ways of accounting and processing of material. First, it is an appeal to the “nuclear” part of the circle of verbal culture. The number of works of an author is usually relatively small, but a large number of authors themselves. In the dictionaries of the winged expressions as a whole is represented by about 50-60 dictionary entries of Krylov. Secondly, there may be publications on the intertext potential of one author, when taken into account almost all or almost everything that goes beyond the source text, the number of dictionary entries increases significantly, which allows to determine the status of the author’s idioms in the intertext picture of the world. In this case, it becomes possible to understand the citation in the broadest sense as the use of the author’s word outside the author’s text. The revised citation heterogeneous unity: idioms, actual quotes, often playing off of segments of these unities, literary images. Intertext dynamics is a functional condition for the life of this material. It is primarily numerous changes frazeological modeling, segmentation, dispersion, associative movement. It is significant that the past two centuries have shown consistent continuity and significant typological similarity in a series of endless uses of the fabled word Krylov.

The modern process of the mediatisation of all spheres of public life affects both the volume of speech creation and the media texts themselves. The mass character and the multi-language openness of media discourse allow us to consider winged units as a means for representing and imple- menting phraseological innovations. The role of mass media in the formation of new sustainable turns is being actively studied, which speaks of their significance in this process, since it is the media discourse that demonstrates most clearly the current usage and viability of phraseological innovations in language and speech. The media discourse has a large number of ways of influencing the mass addressee, and, as recent studies of Russian media texts show, the fund of winged units as an integral part of the phraseological corpus of the national language is widely used in it. Various phrase resources (idioms, winged expressions, paremias, aphorisms, etc.) are often used both in a strong text position - the title or ending of the publication, and in the creation of media texts connecting the verbal and visual parts in which their transformational and creative potential is most clearly realized, multiplying their linguo-pragmatic effect on the addressee. The analysis of the media content of the site “Orthodox Laughs” revealed the tendency of creative use of folklorism “Баю-баюшки-баю, не ложися на краю. Придет серенький волчок - И укусит за бочок!”, which has not yet been fixed by lexicographical practice, as well as its variants that are the result of various methods of transformation language units. Structural and semantic transformations of various categories of phraseological units are an effective means of implementing specific expression in the media text. Previously, fiction was considered the main source of winged units, today the situation is changing, and the leadership belongs to synthetic art forms (cinema, television, pop, etc.). The analyzed potential winged unit has not one source of appearance: along with Russian and German folklore, this is German literature, but the expression in the Soviet animated film “The Bremen Town Musicians” was actualized. In analyzing the publications of this site, interdisciplinary methods of studying media content were used: discursive, descriptive-analytical, linguocultural, and media linguistic. The conducted research has shown that the functioning of the considered potential winged unit and its transforms confirms the thesis that these language units are in demand and widely used in modern media texts, since they have productive mechanisms of meaning formation.

The article offers an analysis of the paremias of Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish, devoted to women. The research material was the paremiological units of these languages, obtained by continuous sampling from collections of paremias, works of art and bilingual dictionaries, the selection criterion is the presence of a woman’s lexical unit (French femme , Spanish mujer , Malagasy Vehivavy ) or a description of appearance, significance, behavior function as mother, wife, housewife, etc. in paremias in considered linguocultures. The purpose of the study is to reveal the universal and cultural-specific features of the concept of a woman in the considered corps of the Russian, French Malagasy and Spanish paremies. The tasks of the work also include consideration of the peculiarities of the paremiological and lexical units used in this fragment of the linguistic picture, as well as to describe the general and non-coinciding aspects of the origin and functioning of the antiparemia and the use of gradualness in the paremies. The selection and analysis of paremiological units showed that in the languages in question one can find paremic units characterizing a woman as ideal, intelligent, strong, etc. person, and also the importance of a woman as a housewife and her superiority over a man. A significant part of the analyzed linguistic material is made up of paradoxes in which a woman is compared with a female animal, a plant or object with which a certain quality of a woman is associated, and also a woman is presented as a stupid, talkative, unreliable, lazy, capricious person or unreasonable wife. The originality of the research is that the first time the analysis of the comparative consideration of the paremias about the woman on the material of the Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish languages and the lexical and paremiological material of the Malagasy language introduced into the scientific circulation is made.

Proverbs are precedent language units that relate to the field of speech elements. The presence of sacred components in the composition of these units, reinterpreted in according to the speech situation, indicates a high motivation of the internal form of the communicative microstructure. In our article we call them linguistic units with sacred semantics and give the definition as a complexly structured moralizing statement with holistic and generalized ideas about the positive attitude of folk culture to traditional religion. The studied proverbs have parallel components arranged in a linear sequence. An important feature for the paremiological semantics is “weak thoughts”, i.e. which are difficult to be understood without knowing the situation that they fully characterize. For proverbs, a discursive intention is important, which illustrates cognitive content with moral, and in our case, traditionally confessional function. Modern social, ideological, moral, ethical and everyday problems are correlated and commensurate with the existence of the sacred world in order to give current problems both universal and temporary features giving an assessment from the point of view of the tenets of traditional religion. The article on the diachronic socio-historical and cultural background illustrates the ethno-labeling markers grief, trouble, strength, mind as part of stable language units with sacred semantics gore - ne beda; sila yest - uma ne nado ; the main periods of common usage named components in lexicographical sources are presented and the sacralization of these meanings in russian orthodox culture is represented. However, in the process of civilizational changes, we state the profane of sacred meanings to ironic level. These proverbs - linguistics with sacred semantics - at the same time both phrase combination and aphoristic statement, and micro-text with deep linguistic and culturological content, reflecting different historical, ideological, political eras. The defiling process of the language units with sacred semantics can be explained by the open form of the proverbs themselves, involving various forms of transformations. Due to the active people abuse they develop special principles of attitude to the world, to god, to a man, use it in their native language and in many ways with the help of language that opens up opportunities for us to study new linguistic subparadigms.

In the article, the idea is put forward that in the phraseological system of the Azerbaijani language, alliteration and assonances are less active in the manifestations than in other languages. Comparative analysis of theonyms and demonims in composite phraseological units in the Azerbaijani language shows that a sufficient degree of functionality is demonstrated here not only by the presence of types of sound reproduction of both sound repetitions, but also by the widespread joint (alliterativeassonance) model of figurative phonetic image techniques.

The precedent phenomena, to which the names of the heroes of literary works belong, are very typical for modern journalistic texts “charged primarily with negative emotions” (V.I. Shakhovsky) using indirect estimation methods: brief and expressive, with a wide range of connotative and associative links, they become an emotionally evaluative component of the text. Colorful - not only for the twenties of the XXth century - the figure of M. Bulgakov's novel “The Heart of a Dog” Shvonder firmly settled in the modern gallery of precedent literary names. Russians define a very wide variety of typical traits of individuals and their behavior, as well as social phenomena, verbalized by the words Shvonder (Shvondery), shvonderovschina, to shvonder, etc. The main vectors of comprehension come to light on the material of the texts from the National Corpus of the Russian language and Internet resources, which shows the tendency to use the subject's name as a way of indicating the manifestation of one important feature in his behavior - and, accordingly, in the behavior of someone else (Shvonder - “hater of the intelligentsia”, “vindictive”, “symbol of imaginary employment”) or a characteristic act committed by him, which becomes a kind of standard (Shvonder is “the destroyer of the old good world”, “the requisitor of another's housing”, “rejects the values accumulated by society in the past”, etc.). Through the combination “Shvonder - Sharikov” the emphasis is placed on the typicality of the observed phenomenon, on the ideological and party affiliation, etc. The name Shvonder often appears in combination with the names of other characters - in particular, Preobrazhensky and Bormental, - when a modern author outlines a conflict between bad manners (rudeness) and intelligence, ignorance and education, empty rhetoric and real actions, etc. The speakers find all the new possibilities of interpreting the image of Shvonder and use this name, like other new words with the same root, to express their position on the subject of speech, ironic or dismissive attitude to it. On the other hand, the precedent name may be semantically diffuse and vague in the “new” text, but it’s magnetized with special connotations and serves to enhance the ironic, negative-evaluative coloring of the secondary text and makes various interpretations possible. Even in the absence of specific words that reveal the dominant semantics of the text fragment, the very use of the Shvonder’s name already guarantees at least a high level of expression and a tangible degree of negative estimation.

The paper's aim is to analyze transchronical interlingual and intercultural poetic communication. Special attention is paid to the recipient, his significance in diachronic translation is investigated. Linguistic and cultural aspects of poetic communication are analyzed: realities, historicisms, archaisms, phraseological units, allusions. The recipient factor is actively studied in pragmalinguistics, which finds common ground with translation studies and the theory of intercultural communication. The research is based on the integrative method: descriptive, contextual, comparative and discursive analysis are used. The paper reveals the synergetic nature of the recipient, unique on age, gender, worldview, political and cultural characteristics; cognitive dissonance of the author and the recipient in monolingual and in interlanguage communication are revealed. The actual basis is the novel in verse Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, written almost 200 years ago and numerous translations made at different times (1840-2008). The studied empirical material leads to the following conclusions. The translation multiplicity in transchronical transfer of cultural heritage to foreign languages is natural and unavoidable. The search for adequate means of intercultural translation of poetry is transcendental in nature. The syncretic nature of the poetic sign in diachrony strengthens the discrepancy between the recipient's and the author's conceptual and thematic knowledge content. This is particularly evident in terms of the transf chronic communication when the author and recipient are separated by a significant time interval. The source language recipients and the target language recipients have objective sociocultural differences which are more evident in transtemporal interlingual communication. The above-mentioned factors interact in the complex synergistic system that is impossible to cognize and to describe in a reductive linguistic theory of translation. On the basis of insufficiency of the reductionism of the linguistic translation, can be expected the transition to the methodology of holism translation. Holism as a methodological principle and philosophy of knowledge has found effective application in the Humanities. Its use in translation in cross-cultural, cross-language and TRANS chronic communication appear to be objectively necessary. The need for pragmatic adaptation and the borders of its approximate values is to be verified in further studies, combining pragmalinguistics, cognitive linguistics, translation studies, functional stylistics, discourse analysis and linguocognitive translation.

The article presents the prepositions’ classification. The aim of the research is to classify prepositions by types and frequency use (quantitative and percentage ratio) in the story genre as a work of fiction (on A. S. Pushkin’s story “The Queen of Spades” in Russian and English). To achieve the goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to study “The Queen of Spades” in Russian and English; 2) to make tables on the prepositions’ types; 3) to build diagrams on the prepositions’ types; 4) to describe the collected information. The author used in the material research: 1) component analysis method; 1. quantitative calculation method; 3) percentage calculation method; 4) classification method. In the course of studying the Russian version there are found prepositions that serve to express such relationship as: spatial, temporal, causal, target, mode of action and object; in English: prepositions of abstract relations (genitive case, dative case, instrumental case, prepositional case, accusative case), spatial, phrasal verbs, temporal, complex prepositions, causal and target. The found prepositions serve as a sample of bilingual texts for discursive activities not only for specialists, but also for those who are interested in problems related to prepositions in Russian and English. According to the study, it can be concluded that a detailed analysis of the tables and diagrams revealed the main characteristics of prepositions, making it possible to distribute them into appropriate groups; to find the main similarities between groups of English and Russian prepositions, as well as the differences between them.

The relevance of the proposed article is to rethink the semiotic trends in the light of a systematic approach. The aim of the work is to apply G.P. Melnikov's developments to the study of the Church separation of the second half of the XVII century as a reproducible event in the secondary modeling system. The General content of the work was prompted by the international scientific training “General and private methodology of philological science” held from 01.04.2009 to 06.04.2009, as well as some generalizations published in the collective monograph “System view as the basis of philological thought” (2016). The texts of the first half of the XVII century are used as materials. By means of observation, description, contextual analysis and elements of philological hermeneutics it is proved that the wholeformed event in culture has its own field of meanings capable of being segmented and having “pre-final” stages of its formation. It is concluded that the Church separation of the second half of the XVII century was a “hinted content”, a projection of individual creative consciousnesses that formed in the supra-system (social consciousness) a request for the implementation of semiotic trends.

The subject of the article is the absence of an aspect category, expressing main ideas of sentence propositions in the morphology of the Kazakh language and the conceptual confusion of the aspect category with tense category in the Kazakh language, which create certain difficulties not only in learning of the Kazakh language but also making correct translation from Kazakh into other languages or vice versa. It has no official title, fixed in academic dictionaries, in spite of having objective content plans and expression plans in the Kazakh language. There are different opinions about the aspect category in the Kazakh language, some linguists consider, that there is the aspect category in the Kazakh language, others deny it. The result is the aspect category has not been presented in the morphology of the Kazakh verbs. The article is devoted to analyzing the objective prerequisites creating the aspect category in languages, including the Kazakh language and reasons of appearing of subjective negations of the aspect category in this language.

Culture and the process of communication are interrelated, since culture not only indicates between which members of the society a communication act is possible, but also helps to decode correctly the meaning of the message that was encoded, and also according to what conditions the message would be correctly interpreted by the interlocutor. The historically established ethno-cultural style of communication (T. Larina) reflects the communicative peculiarities of people’s behavior when choosing verbal and non-verbal means in the process of communication. The article is devoted to sociocultural features that influence the choice of language means for expressing an initial speech formula. The aim of our research is to examine address forms in the boundaries of one language but in two different countries (Canada, Great Britain) with their historical and cultural background. We draw on Cultural Dimensions of G. Hofstede (1991), the Theory of Politeness (Brown & Levinson 1987, Leech 2014), the background of Intercultural Pragmatics (A. Wierzbicka 2003, I. Kecskes 2014), Speech Accommodation Theory (Giles 1977) and etc. The article presents the results of the study on the usage of address forms among the representatives of British English (BrE) and Canadian English (CanE) in order to identify similarities and differences and to explain the results according to cultural characteristics.