Vol 15, No 3 (2017)

The article proposes a comparative analysis of language constructs representing the framework of speech strategies and tactics, the totality of which determines the arrangement of political communication in different lingual cultures. The relevance of the article is determined by the very object of research. The political field, being an integral part of the ethnic culture in any society, represents a complex conglomerate of ideas, where the goals and interests of the state and its elite groups are indicated. Evolving on the basis of linguistic material accumulated by society, the policy is implemented primarily in the process of verbal interaction which aims at forming a certain picture of the world in the society. Accordingly, a person’s linguistic activity in the sphere of politics is an acquisition, exercise and preservation of political power mediated in signs.In this regard, the entire formal organization of political discourse is subject to the need for an effective implementation of the impact function, which is instrumented by a variety of communication strategies and tactics. Intentional “message” of political discursive practice inevitably changes in the act of individual language situation. Therefore, the most “significant” figures of political interaction (in our case, the heads of foreign affairs agencies) are of scientific interest, as they largely determine the ideological position of various social groups. Accordingly, the feature characteristics of their speeches can be regarded as the dominant characteristics of national political practice and considered as basis for creating a typed communicative portrait of a political figure. Moreover, the derivative meanings generated as a result of the use of certain speech strategies and tactics by political actors, on the basis of semantic-semiotic associations, develop further and gradually pass into adjacent discursive fields establishing new semantic links. The highly complicated language (text/discursive) units structured in this way are characterized not only by the high expressive and emotional potential and the “multi-layered” semantic “message”, but also by some typification, which causes their wide distribution in the acts of political communication. Thus, the political logosphere is not so much a product of society activity as its modifier. Penetrating all layers of universal logosphere, it actively forms the speech practice of the subjects included in it, their hierarchical structure as well as the linguistic ethnic universe as a whole.

The research of modern morphological image of preposition as a category is a burning issue for Russian grammar and lexicography as well as for applied disciplines such as teaching of Russian and machine translation. The purposes of the article are as follows: a comparison of recent lexicographic proceedings devoted to prepositions; a detection of main problems arising while studying the part of speech in question today and a quest for the ways of solving them. The comparison is based on the prepositional lists elicited from five dictionaries and special editions being published in the XXI century. The comparative analysis results have brought to light three key problems the Russian language researches deal with currently: the fuzziness of concept “preposition”, bias of prepositional categorization, diffuseness of borders between prepositions and adverbs.The authors suggest the following solutions for the stated problems:1) quest for the objective criteria to attribute linguistic units to prepositions as a part of speech;2) use of discrete terms to define the units of the kind;3) consideration of prepositional units within a functional grammatical field.

In this article the problems of the methodology of mastering phraseological units are considered. The author refers to the classification of phraseological units into “natural” and “conventional” ones, proposed by the Polish researcher St. Skorupka, and proves its relevance to the methodology of teaching native and foreign languages. The need to include phraseological material in the learning process is identified and justified. Characteristic features of the use of phraseology in the process of teaching native and foreign languages are analyzed with the aim to intensify the assimilation of educational material. It is emphasized that the use of phraseological material in teaching native and foreign languages increases the interest of learners to master language and stimulates creative attitude towards it. The specificity of the phraseology of the learned and the learner and the dependence of the quantity and quality of the educational material presented on the level of knowledge of the trainees are taken into account. The “level” approach allows differentiating the appropriateness of the inclusion of phraseology in the learning process. It is no less important to take into account in this process the native language of students: for related languages, this accelerates the learning of the material more than for unrelated ones. The author of the so-called “paremiological minimum”, which is proposed by G.L. Permyakov and became popular in modern phraseology and paremiology. In principle, useful, such a minimum can not be universal for each language due to its variability and dependence on the language level of specific native speakers. In the process of teaching, the development of such a minimum requires differentiation, depending on the methodological goals set by the teacher. Based on the study, the author suggests a number of methods of teaching phraseology for different groups of students. It takes into account both domestic and foreign experience teaching phraseology.