Editor-in-Chief: Viktor M. Shaklein, Doctor of Philology, Professor ISSN: 2618-8163 (Print) ISSN: 2618-8171 (Online) Founded in 2003. Publication frequency: quarterly PUBLISHER: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) Open Access: . APC: no article processing charge Peer-Review: double blind. Publication language: Russian, English Indexation: White List, Russian Index of Science Citation, Scopus (Q1 SJR, Cite Score, SNIP), ANVUR(10)s, Google Scholar, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat, Cyberleninka, Dimensions, DOAJ, ResearchBib, Lens, Research4Life, JournalTOCs, British Library, Bodleian Libraries (University of Oxford), Ghent University Library
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba
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The heritage of the Bible in the Russian language: research areas and current issues
The study presents an overview of the research of Russian and foreign Russianists devoted to the reflection of the biblical heritage in the Russian language, which is considered as a component of the spiritual code of culture and part of the language system. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of review and analytical works in this area of Russian studies. The aim of the study is to determine the historical background, main directions, and current issues of studying the heritage of the Bible in the Russian language. The material for the study includes more than 6800 scientific works of various genres devoted to the heritage of the Bible in the Russian language written since the first quarter of the 19th century. The research methods are heuristic, descriptive, generalization, comparison, analysis, and synthesis. The study showed that the study of the biblical heritage in the Russian language began in the late 19th century; after a long break, it intensified in the 1990s, became systematic in the first decade of the 21st century, and has currently differentiated into areas with different levels of theoretical and methodological validity, effectiveness and prospects. The most significant areas are translation, historical and etymological, phraseological, lexicographic, comparative, linguisticcultural, and theolinguistic studies. In all these areas, a set of theoretical provisions and methodological guidelines has already been formed; leading scientists and scientific centers has been determined. St. Petersburg Slavic (phraseological) school stands out because the works of its representatives and followers in Russia and abroad have significantly influenced the abovementioned areas of studying the heritage of the Bible in the Russian language. The most important tasks in studying the biblical heritage in the Russian language today are establishing the proportion of biblical meanings and values in the spiritual code of culture, developing a theolinguistic theory of reflecting biblical content in the semantic space of the Russian language, identifying typological and contrastive features of biblical expressions in the Russian language in relation to other Slavic and non-Slavic languages, and creating educational, translation and comparative dictionaries of biblical expressions. The prospects for the research are seen in analysis of the theory and methodology of each of the identified areas of studying the heritage of the Bible in the Russian language.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivanov E.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biblical concepts in the Russian language: the interaction of sacred, language and cultural meanings
The study examines the fundamental biblical eschatological words-concepts in the Russian language which define Russian spiritual culture. The aim of the study is to analyze the semantics of the biblical eschatological concepts of “court”, “God’s judgment”, “fate” and “conscience” in their diachronic sense and in textual use (based on “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and V. Grossman’s novel “Life and fate”). The research methods are general scientific, linguistic, and interdisciplinary ones. While analyzing, we proceeded, on the one hand, from understanding the relationship between language and religion as an integral process, and on the other hand, their interpenetration into each other. The study showed that the Russian linguistic consciousness actualized the original connection of fate and conscience with the judgment of the Almighty since ancient times. The analysis of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and V. Grossman’s novel “Life and fate” showed that the concepts of “court”, “God’s judgment”, “fate” and “conscience” retain their original existential orientation despite socio-cultural upheavals and changes in the social life of the Russian people. It is the biblical concepts that reliably rule the life of the Russian language, Russian culture, and the Christian values inherited by them. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was made about the fruitfulness of adopting the theoanthropocosmic paradigm, which promotes a holistic understanding and study of language as a multidimensional spiritual reality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vladimirova T.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of Western European languages on the system of Biblical expressions in the Russian language of the XVIII-XIX centuries
The study analyzes the biblical phraseological units that changed their form and semantics in the Russian language of the XVIII-XIX centuries under the influence of European languages. from this point of view, Russian biblical phraseological units have not been studied enough. This determines the relevance of the study. The aim of the study is to assess this influence and determine the sources of borrowing. Russian National Corpus, British National Corpus, french text corpus of the 17th-19th centuries, historical dictionaries of the Russian language and European languages, articles, and manuscripts were used as the material of the study. Descriptive-analytical, comparative-historical, textual, etymological methods, and methods of corpus linguistics were used. The study shows the stability of the system of Russian biblical phraseological units formed in Ancient Russia. under the influence of Western European languages, Russian texts of the XVIIIth century show variability of the components of phraseological units, but their keywords retain, and the figurative meanings of phraseological units are enriched. At the same time, the process of borrowing biblical expressions absent in the old Russian language, including those created in modern times and based on biblical stories, can be difficult or take a long time. A comparative study of borrowed biblical expressions in the Russian language with the methods of corpus linguistics seems promising. The study will clarify the time when the phraseological units appear in the language, the source of borrowing, and the frequency of their use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grigorev A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Qualitative semantics of the lexeme “православный” in modern Russian language
The relevance of the research is conditioned by the interest of linguistics in studying the structure of polysemous words and the mechanisms of polysemy development and lexicographic fixing the meanings of words. The qualitative meaning of the adjective православный (orthodox) is also interesting for studying the linguistic conceptualization of cultural representations of native speakers. The aim of the study is to prove the existence of the qualitative meaning of the lexeme православный in modern Russian and to describe the mechanism of its occurrence. The study is based on the corpus method. It uses Russian National Corpus, its main subcorpus with the data from the central and regional media and the subcorpus of social networks. The author describes the revealed facts with lexicographic, structural-semantic, and contextual methods. Corpus data indicate such signs of qualitative meaning as comparative forms, short forms, adverb ending in -o, an abstract noun with the suffix -ость, derivatives with the meanings of intensity and expressive attitude. The number of collected examples indicates the usual nature of the phenomenon. In our opinion, in synchrony the semantic transition is related to the effect of the implicit meanings of the producing word православие (orthodoxy) which include ideas about a certain value system, worldview positions and an external way of life. The meaning of the graded feature is thus determined by the degree of proximity to the “norm” or “standard” of the manifestation of the representations. In modern Russian speech, the qualitative meaning of the lexeme correlates with the semantic oppositions “internal – external”, “true – false” and develops evaluative meanings. The obtained results suggest further study of the semantics of the adjective and its derivatives in a systemic aspect in order to describe the structure of the polysemantic adjective православный, identify the mechanisms of new meanings and expressive-evaluative connotations formation, and contextualize its functioning in different types of discourse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Komyshkova A.D. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biblical topics and key motifs in N.V. Gogol’s “Selected places from correspondence with friends”: intertextual analysis
The interest in the Bible as an intertext and fragmentary studies on the reception of biblical topoi determine the relevance of this study. The aim of the study is to consider biblical topoi as semantic dominants of N.V. Gogol’s “Selected Passages from Correspondence with friends”. The material of the study is the autobiographical text of N.V. Gogol “Selected Passages from Correspondence with friends”, the Bible, and the works of Ignatius Brianchaninov. The methods of the study are motivated by its objectives: the technique of continuous sampling, the descriptive and analytical method, textual analysis, cognitive analysis, philological analysis of the literary text. The authors prove that biblical topoi in the autobiographical narrative of N.V. Gogol acts as a semantic dominant of the text, ascending to universal human values and becoming precedent. from the standpoint of semiotics and linguistic-cultural analysis combining literary, linguistic, comparative-typological and cultural-historical research methods, the author’s strategies of metaphorical comprehension of biblical topoi are considered: “God”, “Will of God”, “Providence”, “Humility”, “Suffering”, “Gratitude”, “Love”; connotative meanings of dominant deep images of biblical phraseological units (submission to God’s will, sorrow for one’s sins, God’s will on all human affairs) in the context of structuring the spiritual, religious and ethical experience of moral instructions of the writer. The prospects of the study are in identifying the specifics of the religious universals in the writer’s autobiographical discourse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Krasilnikova S.V., Lomakina O.V., Sokolova L.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Bible and the spiritual space of the Russian word
Since the end of the twentieth century, linguistics has been laying the foundations for studying another language hypostasis, the spiritual one. However, the categories of spirituality and spirit have not been investigated in Russian language studies yet. This substantiates the relevance of studying the Bible heritage and spiritual space of the Russian word. The aim of the study is to show that the Russian language is the basis for the spirituality of the Russian people, which is formed and preserved in words, set expressions, proverbs with deep sacred meanings. These units fix the system of Bible values and guide the behavior of the people. The material of the study were words, set expressions, proverbs from dictionaries derived from the Bible or having sacred meanings, and some parts of the Bible. The author used descriptive, discursive, and linguistic-cultural analysis and system-semasiological interpretation of the language material. The study showed that the Russian language is the main and necessary source of spirituality for Russian people; it expresses and keeps key ideas about the God, religion, and church, which define intellectual and moral traits of Russian-speaking personality. The study reveals an important aspect of the communicative function of the Russian language, which is realized in prayers, requests to God, and in the sacred meanings of the Russian word as part of its linguistic semantics. The study proves that the Russian linguistic consciousness contains the basic religious and spiritual values and the behavior norms. The Russian language is permeated with biblical meanings so the theological-anthropocentric paradigm of scientific knowledge is prospective for Russian language studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maslova V.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Proverbs of Biblical origin: from a single source to linguistic diversity
The study analyzes Russian proverbs of biblical origin in their diverse semantic and structural connections with their original source. The relevance of the research is determined by the insufficient attention to the Bible heritage as a dynamically developing part of the general language system, including the paremiological system. The aim of the study is to identify and differentiate in the modern Russian literary language the structural and semantic dynamics of paremiological units that originate from biblical texts. The materials for the study were dictionaries of biblical phraseological units, paremiological dictionaries, as well as Russian National Corpus (subcorpora: main, newspaper, poetic, Russian classics). The methods of structural-semantic modeling, contextual analysis, historical-etymological analysis, linguisticcultural analysis were used. The author examined the functioning of the following groups of phraseological units: 1) paremiological identities; 2) proverbs which have undergone semantic transformation in comparison with their source; 3) proverbs which have undergone structuralsemantic transformation in comparison with their source; 4) folk proverbs based on biblical wisdom; 5) proverbs that have lost their connection with their biblical source and have been reinterpreted; 6) individual-author transformations of proverbs of biblical origin. The study shows the degree of such changes. Basic are paremiological identities, i.e. accurately reproduced maxims of the Holy Scripture. The next stage of linguistic adaptation of biblical proverbs is their structural-semantic transformation in comparison with their source, which does not violate neither the original sacred meaning of biblical expressions, nor their generalized linguistic coloring. The further stage of assimilation results in Russian folk proverbs based on biblical wisdom and symbolism. Some biblical proverbs due to different reasons (especially ideological) can lose their connection with the source and be reinterpreted at different levels, sometimes cardinal ideological reinterpretation. The final stage of linguistic adaptation of biblical proverbs is creative individual-author transformations, which become “national property” and the object of “untranslatable in translation”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mokienko V.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Biblical cult ural background of Russian lexis and phraseological units in educational lexicography
The relevance of the study is conditioned by the cultural and historical value of linguistic units with a biblical cultural component and the need to improve the methods of their dictionary description. The aim of the research is to develop methods of accessible and scientifically reliable representation of the biblical cultural background of Russian lexis and phraseology in educational dictionaries for foreign students and schoolchildren. In accordance with the principle of methodological expediency, the material for the study was selected from Russian language textbooks for different categories of foreign students. The semantics of biblical units was clarified by the method of contextual analysis. The methods of lexicographic modeling, etymological paraphrasing and linguistic-cultural interpretation were used for structuring dictionary entries and developing the content of their parametric zones. As a result of the research, the authors developed the samples of linguistic-cultural commentary for biblical phraseological units in family reading dictionary for our foreign compatriots. The study identifies the possibilities of linguistic-cultural representation of biblical proverbs in the travelogue dictionary connected to video material. The parameters of ethnocentric dictionary description of georthonyms (names of national festivals) of biblical origin are defined; the techniques for interpreting biblical cultural background of toponyms and ubranonyms, including unofficial ones, are developed with various mechanisms of transonymic nomination. Samples of relevant dictionary entries are given. The dictionary materials can be useful for foreign students and for Russian schoolchildren and students because their spiritual and moral education does not always include the biblical material, despite the fact that the cultural background of biblical terms remains hidden for them in many respects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nikitina T.G., Panova I.A., Rogaleva E.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Theolinguistic understanding of the biblical concepts of “Humility”, “Love” and “Kingdom of God”
The study examines biblical units from the New Testament and old Testament in the Russian orthodox picture of the world based on the historical and genetic processes of structuring the most important Christian concepts of “Humility”, “Love” and “Kingdom of God”. The foundations of the orthodox worldview are presented through deep semantic principles, basic biblical concepts. The biblical text is considered in its communicative perspective, and the Bible itself is shown as a factor in the living communication between God and man. This approach is relevant in modern theolinguistics. The aim of the study is to establish the features of the semantic and speech explication of the biblical concepts of “Humility”, “Love” and “Kingdom of God” from theolinguistic positions and to structure their content in the Russian orthodox picture of the world based on confessional texts in the Russian literary language. The author used general scientific (systematization, description), specific (semasiological, theological) and integrative methods (theolinguistic, linguistic-cognitive, linguistic-axiological, linguistic-cultural). The study established that the biblical concept is a multidimensional, valuable and indivisible semantic formation in different areas (confessional, cultural-historical, linguistic-semiotic and individual). The study of Russian confessional texts showed the ambiguity and variability of the content of the biblical concepts of “Humility”, “Love” and “Kingdom of God”. The concept of “Humility” has seven levels of semantic explication of biblical concepts, from the supra-linguistic, supra-national and supracultural significance of the nuclear meaning to individual-personal semantic shades within the author’s style. The analysis of the concept “Love” showed the semantic modification of biblical concepts in the old Testament and New Testament texts, from love for God in the old Testament to love for one’s neighbor in the New Testament. This expanded the content of the concept in terms of understanding love as the transformation of man. The analysis of the concept “Kingdom of God” showed a dual interpretation of biblical concepts in the Bible and in theological texts, from the biblical understanding of the Kingdom of God as the end of time to the theological understanding of it as an eschatological mystery hidden in the soul of man. The prospect of the study is to describe the entire biblical conceptual sphere of Russian language and Russian orthodox linguistic culture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Postovalova V.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
3D Anatomy atlases for teaching Russian professional vocabulary to foreign medical students
Implementation of modern and efficient approaches to successful language training of foreign medical students is an urgent and complex task in medical education. This course is especially difficult because Russian professional medical vocabulary is extensive, has complex morphological composition and is connected in its etymology with the Latin language. The aim of the study is to test the effectiveness of computer 3D anatomy atlases for learning medical professional vocabulary on the selected topics of the discipline ‘General Anatomy’ in Russian as a foreign language. The authors used theoretical (analysis, comparison, and generalization) and diagnostic (experimental training, testing, interview, and questionnaire) methods. The obtained data were tested for the statistical significance by means of Pearson’s Chi-squa re test and the calculation of P-value (P-value = 0.04). They showed the positive influence of anatomical 3D atlases on understanding and memorization of Russian professional vocabulary among first-year foreign medical students. The final tests (online test and interview) after 5-months of experimental training showed that the number of positive (4 “good” and 5 “excellent”) results among the students of the experimental groups exceeded the number of successful results of the control groups by 19%. In their questionnaires, the participants highly appreciated the visibility and effectiveness of the modern tools (33 per cent more positive responses) compared to traditional ones. The prospect of the further research in this area may include the creation and testing of a system of electronic interactive exercises and an electronic educational thesaurus with audio content as a special addition or add-on for the interface of modern 3D anatomy atlases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Al-Kaisi A.N., Gonchar M.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0