No 2 (2016)

Ecological context of the language system determines the irregularity of the development of languages, archaic character of one language in comparison to others. The paper examines culture-dependent factors that contribute to the preservation of the unwritten language form. The authors come to the conclusion that the unwritten form of the language is determined by culture according to the following scheme: geographical isolation → mythological consciousness → unwritten form of the language. Linguistic material of the Salishan language Coueur’d Alene confirms the fact the local culture of the archaic unwritten language preserves the ancient language features that throw light on the cognitive mastering of the world at the stages of the language development that precede the appearance of the written language. In particular, a fair quantity of Coueur’d Alene predicates with lexical suffixes of somatic semantics attached to them indicates that body parts - is the initial semantic domain in the cognitive representation at the earliest stages of the language development.

The article deals with specific description of the communicative development of human behavior in the situations of flirtation. The main goal of it is to reveal peculiarities of non-verbal constituent of flirtation and its interaction with the verbal one at different stages of relations between the communicants. Communicative genre flirtation is treated as a part of communication between a man and a woman (initiators of flirtation), which demonstrates its own dynamics, and reveals three main stages of flirtation developments each of those possessing its typical verbal and non-verbal constituents of communicants’ behavior.

The article considers general and specific issues of foregrounding theory from the perspective of its study by Anglophone and Russophone researchers. The article focuses on the disputable issues related to the interpretation of foregrounding, its terminological nomination and the basics of implementing this notion into academic practice. In addition, a particular attention is given to describing the distinctive features of foregrounding. Generally, foregrounding theory presupposes that there exists a definite set of regulations which serves as a background for highlighting the stylistic properties based on the violations of both the norms of the standard language and the norms typical of different types of text. The specificity of foregrounding theory as a methodological tool in contemporary stylistics is determined by authorial characteristics of linguistic deviation and communicative-pragmatic potential of foregrounding devices, as well as their importance in textual construction and contextual knowledge (explicit and explicit) representation.

In the given article an attempt is made to ground a process of model forming of scientific-popular genre, characterizing subject area “ Geography ”. In the research work compositional-topical modules of content of scientific-popular article’s genre, presenting Geography are examined. In this connection text corpus, in which the description of each module is presented, is being studied. The structure of scientific-popular article, describing Geography is formed up by pragmatically informative factors in the combination of subordinate discourse and classification features. The main elements such as: people’s activity, monitoring of environment, natural calamities, fauna and flora (with detailed description of each problems), characterizing them as descriptive, are defined here.

The article considers the role of the colour description in the political discourse. The author focuses on colours in power dressing as a manipulative tool. The study sets out to find out and explain the structure of the vestimentary descriptions, the essence of the basic elements of the meaning and their influence on the reader’s perception of the reality.

Currently, one of the topical issues of contemporary phraseology is studying of phraseological semantics. The article considers phraseological and proverbial semantic innovations in the texts of different styles and genres written by one author. Examples of some phraseological configurations are provided and semantization ways and means of phraseological units and proverbs in the text are analyzed in the article. The novelty of the study consists in the fact that the ways of the author’s “self-definition” and its role in the shaping phraseological semantic understanding are described. Particular attention is paid to the semantic transformations of phraseological units in the text, by which phraseological units receive an additional semantic nuance, a new meaning or connotation’s changing. The language of L. Tolstoy is used as illustrative material in the study.

The article is devoted to the structural and semantic analysis of English and Russian proverbs reflecting the attitude of Englishmen and Russians towards good and evil. Scientific novelty of the research consist in the fact that the proverbs of above mentioned group in the aspect of comparative structural and semantic analysis are considered for the first time. The research of the proverbs is very actual from the viewpoint of revealing the moral and ethical system of values which characterize both nations. The analysis of the phraseological meaning, their structural and semantic components, expressive and emotive connotations revealed the similarities of their meaning and structure based on the universality of the human mind which is confirmed at the language level. The differences of the proverbs are connected with national types of mentality of the English and Russian nations which is confirmed at the language level as well.

The article discusses strategies of translating titles of American films into Russian and Spanish considering their semantic and pragmatic aspects. Though different translation strategies might be applied (direct or literally translation, transformation or replacement, etc.), titles translated should comply with the story, idea, philosophy and style of a film so that they be attractive for the target audience. Disregarding one of those conditions may cause infelicity or translation failures. The article studies some examples of successful and unsuccessful translation into Russian and Spanish.

The paper covers the problems of translation, which we face as soon as we meet slang words used by teenagers in the fiction. On the one hand, slang words are socially marked, i.e. they are vulgar, rude, obscene - social markers, on the other hand, they are stylistic units. In the process of text analysis we observe the constant language variability. While translating a piece of fiction we should either neutralize, omit this lexical unit or find a word equal in its pragmatic and connotative meaning, we should judge to what degree we can change the original text (the source invariant)creating a construct invariant done by a professional translator. The issue is if the translators can interfere with the original text, changing it due to their own outlook, background, upbringing, that doesn’t allow them to use impolite, rude lexis, but in such a case we can lose the communicative effect of the novel. We declare that the communicative effect is either strengthened or neutralized. It depends on the personality of the translator. Thus, the translated text is a new one, the usage of words depends on the social status of the translator.

The article deals with Swahili language speech etiquette lexical groups which are the most typical for every day communication. The main focus is put on the basic words and word combinations of each group and their grammatical forms. Particular attention is also drawn to the meaning of some interjections for speech communication.

The types of sentences and functions of a predicate in contemporary Korean are analyzed in this article. There are also examples, in which the predicate is highlighted as the main part forming a sentence into a communicative unit. Other grammatical forms of a predicate are also possible. Besides, a predicate takes place at the end of a sentence, which defines it as a basis for ending affixes. Ending affixes, in their turn, are grammatical indicators, realizing different styles of language and taking part in transference the emotional meaning of a sentence.

The article presents the problem of nonce words and neologisms in their lexicographic presentation in special and multidimensional dictionaries. Due to the fact that the nonce words, as a rule, not recorded in dictionaries of the Russian language, the problem of lexicographically these categories of words are particularly relevant. The article analyzes the set of distinctive features of occasional words-composites, describes the criteria for delimitation of composites-of nonce words from language usage vocabulary and neologisms. The article justifies the necessity to include nonce words in the composites dictionary composites which is being developed at present.