Vol 13, No 2 (2022)

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the methodological, “instrumental” potential of some theoretical concepts developed and deepened in the concept of language as a verbal art by Lev Alekseevich Novikov - poetemе and ostrannenie (alienation). The lyric poetry of Pavel Vasiliev, the Russian Soviet poet (1910-1937), whose work is of a transcultural nature and belongs to the “literature of the borderland”, is analyzed. The poetemes “a steppe - a parent” and “a steppe - an ancient mysterious land” are modeled, allopoets are defined, in which the image of the steppe, key for the poet, is presented; the linguistic means of creating aesthetic imagery in allopoets are identified. The concept of a poeteme allows one to compare different images and interpretations in the poet’s work, draw connecting lines between them and ultimately determine the originality of the individual author’s poetic picture of the world. The method of the ostrannenie was introduced into scientific circulation by V.B. Shklovsky; in Novikov’s concept it appears as an invariant of linguistic imagery, which includes traditional tropes and figures as special cases. For the ostrannenie in his poetics Vasiliev uses the method of breaking stereotypes, which allows him to attract the attention of the reader, making the image unusual and alien. The article provides examples of violation of poetic stereotypes inherent in Russian poetry: the symbol of poetry - a goose feather, sound like silver, as well as a typical for Vasiliev method of violating ethnic stereotypes, for example, appearance: attribution of Asian features to a lyric hero - slanting eyes, cheekbones, etc. Thus, a broad understanding of ostrannenie in Novikov’s theory makes it possible not only to fundamentally unite traditional tropes and figures, but also includes specific individual author’s techniques of poetic technique.

The researcher attempts to give the cognitive and pragmatic characteristics of fiction text (based on D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s short story “Emelya the Hunter”). The aim of the work was to build the model of the cognitive type on D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s short story and analyze speech realizations in the text. The novelty of this article is a detailed cognitive and pragmatic study of the constituent elements, a description of the mental and linguistic structure (cogniotype) and the interpretation of the received results in the studying process of the structural and content side of the text of the short story “Emelya the Hunter”. The material for the study and analysis in this research was not only the theoretical and practical positions of the scientific works of a number of Russian linguists studying the understanding of any text of various genres of fiction works, but also the linguistic material itself: the short story of D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak “Emelya the Hunter” in Russian. To achieve the aim of the research the following tasks were solved: 1) to build the structure of the cognitive type of the short story “Emelya the Hunter”; 2) to find the terms related to various scientific disciplines; 3) to find phraseological units; 4) to systematize adjectives; 5) to give a cognitive and pragmatic description of the studied text. The author of the present article used such methods as: 1) continuous sampling of vocabulary; 2) classification; 3) quantitative calculation; 4) interpretive. D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s short story “Emelya the Hunter” was studied from various positions. A model of the cognitive type of D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s short story “Emelya the Hunter” was shown in the form of a structure with main topics and their interrelationships. As a result, scientific terms in Geography and Biology were identified and systematized; phraseological units were found and comments were given to them; adjectives were found and classified by types and systematized in the table; the quantitative and percentage ratios of adjectives were calculated and presented in the table and diagrams. The results of the study showed that phraseological units reflected the people’s value priorities in a certain metaphorical form. The relevance of the research was determined by the importance of the chosen topic and its theoretical and practical significance for the cognitive direction in scientific research.

This article deals with the problem of the correlation of the vocabulary of explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language of different types by S.I. Ozhegov with the vocabulary presented in the author’s dictionary - the Dictionary of the Pushkin language. The system parameters of the ratio were revealed during the analysis of the Large Academic Dictionary, the Small Academic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Pushkin Language and two pieces by A.S. PushkIn: “The Queen of Spades” and “The Captain’s Daughter”. It is shown that one of the effective methods of studying the system properties of probabilistic objects, such as the lexical composition of a language, is the calculation of the distribution. It is shown that the distribution of words by the number of meanings is one of the essential structural characteristics of vocabulary. The concept of a “semantic trigger” is introduced as a carrier of implicit semantic information that triggers a search for the relevant meaning of a polysemic word in the mind of a native speaker. The analysis of the relationship between the dictionary of the text, the consolidated dictionary of the author’s language and the general language dictionary according to the degree of polysemy of the vocabulary presented in them showed that a consistent increase in average characteristics in the text vocabulary up to maximum in Large Dictionary which is associated with the gradual accumulation of values realized in increasingly extensive text arrays, in increasingly diverse contexts. The observed strengthening of the zone of medium-polysemic words in the general language dictionary in comparison with the idiolect dictionary is a reflection of the fact that the most common, repeated for dictionaries of each of the private spheres (following the service words) are commonly used and broad-thematic words occupying the medium-polysemic zone.

A prompt exchange of information requires a thrift in expressive means and makes relevant the processes of verbalizing and reverbalizing sense in bilingual communication. The analysis of various communicative situations in simultaneous interpreting both from English into Russian and Russian into English show specific parameters of generating a text in the target language, which differ from the traditional author’s text generation. The study’s objective is to introduce the notion of inferencing (in the Russian linguistic studies the term inference is used) as a special linguistic tool of eliciting and interpreting sense in the process of translation/interpreting. General linguistic understanding of inference and implication refers to the direct communication between a sender (speaker) and recipient (listener) that produces interrelated notions via independent inferences. The method of sampling and comparing the inferences accumulated empirically and of simulation modelling of simultaneous interpreting can demonstrate that a distinctive feature of indirect communication via interpreter is multi-component system of additional cognitive procedures at the stage of interpreting. The simultaneous interpreting outcomes as the material of research indicate that conveying the sense in interpreting is based on a dynamic process of inferencing, which is a creative search of implicatures and their reverbalization, with an interpreter resorting to his/ her own thesaurus-based resources (mental lexicon) related to the knowledge of domain, which is a subject of communication. The distinctive parameter of inferencing in interpreting is both the generation of inferences and implicatures and a cognitive analytical process of selecting facts from presuppositional knowledge. The study outcomes show that the cognitive analytical process of inferencing is closely related to probabilistic forecasting, which presupposes an accumulation by an interpreter of a sufficient individual base of verified intuitive solutions and referential languagebased interpretations and presuppositions. The study makes a conclusion that of crucial importance for interpreting is inferencing, rather than inference as such.

The study aims to explore features of the realization of the neological potential of lexemes created or rethought by the new reality and included in the COVID-19 concept sphere. It identifies the specifics of derivation and lexical-semantic ways of forming these neologisms. The research material includes more than 1000 articles from the most influential Hispanic and French-language publications and correspondence of native speakers in social networks and telephone applications in a synchronous cut over eight months of the pandemic. A vital factor for choice of material refers to the fact that the mentioned channels have formed a global communication environment that intensively contributes to the creation and dissemination of neology products. The methodology rests on the discursive and communicative approaches. It includes analysis and synthesis of theoretical research and applies continuous sampling of research material from the mentioned sources. The study establishes that the multidirectional processes distinguish the media and social networks’ discourse during the pandemic. Changes in the lexical-semantic discourse are carried out by creating neologisms, which, along with borrowings assimilated into the grammatical system or functioning in parallel with the national concept definition, are productive means of replenishing the lexis. The semantic neology’s main mechanisms are metaphorization and metonymization and changes in the semantic volume of a lexeme. Modern new formations perform pragmatic functions, making it possible to strengthen the emotional and modal interaction. The author concludes that neological processes demonstrate each language’s national and cultural originality and establishes that the linguistic norm in Spanish and French discourse does not conflict with the “disruptive” nature of linguistic innovations. The society positively evaluates the formation of individual speech meanings and linguistic meanings and the expansion of their functioning boundaries.

The study explores the combinatorial prevalence effect in Event construal techniques in text and image components of heterosemiotic book pages. We hypothesize that their activity and contingency affect their interpretation, here tested in the oculographic experiment and discourse responses check. To proceed, we develop the parametric system applied for 100 book pages annotation and further statistical analysis. This study reveals the relevance of Truth, Type, Relation, Manageability, Completeness, Instantness, Achievement, Evaluation, Space location, Time location, Repeatability, Cause and effect parameter groups in Event construal in text and image as well as their resonance in concomitant activity. To select the samples serving as stimuli in the oculographic experiment, we apply Principal component analysis, which assigns Uniqueness indices to the samples, here ranging from 0.111 to 0.675, and provides diversity of Event construal techniques to be tested in terms of their interpretation. The results evidence that participants applied different text and image attention distribution patterns with longer fixations on text component in case the image displayed physical contact, static and desirable events. When the creation or destruction events, events-achievement, events located in time or causal events were not present in the text, the participants were more likely to address the image, not the text. Parameter activity also affects the choice of Descriptive, Narrative and Speculative discourse responses, with a restricted number of parameters stimulating Narrative discourse, with a restricted in text and vast in image number of parameters stimulating Speculative discourse, which evidences in favor of their more predetermined and predicted character. Hopefully, the results may be used to predict the interpretation effects and to further cognitive linguistic and semiotic research coordination.

The research is carried out through cognitive-discursive paradigm in language learning using the methods of cognitive-discursive, conceptual, contextual, structural-semantic, component, definitional and etymological analysis. The article defines the concept of situational equivalence and sets its parameters in a hybrid literary-legal discourse, which is formed in the narrativedocumentary space, dealing with the content of the novel by I. McEwan “The Children Act” and the real law of 1989, adopted by the British Parliament. At the same time, the hybrid literary-legal discourse, marked - due to the interpenetration of two conceptual spaces - by intertextuality and interdiscursivity, is considered to be a special socio-cultural practice designed to reveal urgent social problems and highlight them not only from a legal, but also from a humanistic aspect. The narrative model of literary-legal discourse is emphasized to generalize the elements of five levels of its formal and meaningful organization: 1) the surface structure of the text (event series, factual information); 2) the “semantic core” of the content; 3) detailing or generalization of the description of the situation; 4) grammatical means of expressing the meaning; 5) proto-text (non-literary text that formed the basis of a literary work; here - “The Children Act”). The concept of situational equivalence is interpreted taking into account three parameters: the identity of the main essential properties of conceptual spaces and their functions; the equivalence of situations from a legal point of view (constant parameters); the presence of additional connotations (variable parameter). The subject of this research is the linguistic markers of legal discourse and the units of a literary text, considered in a comparative aspect from the point of view of their situational equivalence. We also speak about full and partial situational equivalence from the point of view of the presence or absence of the connotative potential of the studied thematic units. The presented conceptual theory is demonstrated by the example of the concept REASONABLENESS, which explicates the idea of rightness (seriousness, correctness, rationality) of professional actions of judicial representatives and their decisions. It is noted that the interpretative potential of this concept is significantly expanded due to the integration of language markers of legal discourse into the narrative space of a literary text; reliance on prototext allows us to identify thematic units of hybrid literary-legal discourse that make up the “semantic core” of the analyzed conceptual space. Due to the fact that the concept obtains additional connotations in the semantic structure of the literary text, thus, the corresponding fragment of the conceptual space of the legal document is also enriched. The study of the concept REASONABLENESS as a special dynamic complex of specific properties and characteristics shows the process of modeling a cognitive phenomenon in the process of hybridization of two conceptual spaces (literary and legal).

The present paper discusses the ethnic bilingual practice in Kazakhstan. The focus is on code-switching or, in other term, code-mixing in the Kazakh-Russian and RussianKazakh bilingualism. The bi- and multilingualism is characteristic for Kazakhstan and is caused by multiethnicity of the republic. Within this paper we are interested in identities of persons with more than one cultural background. The idea of the present investigation is a response to the sociolinguistics ‘third wave’, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology. In this theoretical framework the research focus is on exploring linguistic variation as a medium used by individuals or social groups to evoke the social practice. It is crucial how semiotic ties are set between a linguistic sign and social context, how persistent social attribution is created through linguistic choices. Data collection for this study: we analyzed 300 contexts that show the Kazakh-Russian code-mixing in everyday and internet communication, and in modern Kazakh films reflecting the typical code-mixing practice. The data were gathered by doing observation, documentation, the analysis proceeded in a context-based interpretative way. In the framework suggested we show the code-switching/code-mixing not in terms of interference mistakes as heavily influenced by Russian language and culture, not as “linguistic errors” cases presupposed by low language competence of the speakers, but rather as a dynamic resource to shape the understanding in the communication. There are considerable nuances and complexity in the language mixed practice, that is not to be framed in pejorative terms.

The research is devoted to an actual topic - a comparative description of adverbs of degree and measure in the Russian and Chinese languages. The object of the comparative analysis of this study is the adverbs of degree and measure of the Russian and Chinese languages чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The subject of the study is the similarities and differences in the field of pragmatics and semantic compatibility of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The purpose of this work is to reveal semantic and pragmatic properties of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’. The article involves the following methods: descriptive method, observation method, comparative analysis method, example confirmation method. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that in a comparative study of adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] in the strong meaning ‘extremely’ in Russian and Chinese has not been previously carried out. Based on the analysis of theoretical provisions and linguistic material derived from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and Chinese fiction, as well as explanatory dictionaries of Russian and Chinese, we can conclude that despite the coincidence of the semantics of the adverbs чрезвычайно [chrezvychayno] and 非常 [fēicháng] ‘extremely’ their usage varies. To avoid mistakes, it is necessary to take into account the similarities and differences in the field of semantic compatibility and pragmatics of these adverbs. The study can be useful in teaching Russian as a foreign language and theory and practice of translation from Chinese into Russian and vice versa.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the metaphorization of toponyms in Russian and Arabic. During the study, more than 1350 articles using metaphorical toponyms were analyzed using the methods of comparative analysis, contextual analysis, descriptive analysis, and quantitative analysis. Studying the works of different researchers on toponyms proved that any toponym has some kind of cultural component, which contributes to the metaphorization of some toponyms. When metaphorizing toponyms turn into symbols. Russian and Arabic journalists metaphorize toponyms, since the metaphor not only expresses the attitude of the author, his assessment of this or that phenomenon of reality, but also influences the reader’s opinion. Toponymic metaphors evoke many additional associations and awaken the cultural memory of the addressee. Some toponyms are subject to deonymization, which is manifested in their writing with a lowercase letter and the use in the plural. According to our observations, the largest group of our material is represented by those toponyms that are associated with war events, which is a natural result of the relevance of the topic “War” in the life of any nation. The toponyms of our material are usually accompanied by territorial, temporal and so on characteristics.

The objective of the article is to study the perception of medical doctors by Hindu, Russian and Kazakh linguoculture bearers by means of cognitive analysis of association data obtained from the psycholinguistic experimental study conducted among Hindi, Russian and Kazakh native speakers. Methods of the research include a free association experiment with a stimulus words डॉक्टर in Hindi, врач in Russian, and дəрігер in Kazakh, modelling the associative field DOCTOR and its cognitive structure, defining the universal and ethno-specific features of medical doctors as perceived by the representatives of Indian, Russian and Kazakh nations. The obtained associative data were distributed according to the frequency criterion, followed by content analysis and categorization. As a result, while comparing association fields in Hindi, Russian, and Kazakh languages the quantitative asymmetry of semantic zones and their associates is revealed. Conceptualization of medical doctors in the Hindu, Russian and Kazakh language consciousness includes both universal and ethno-specific features. The results of the study integrate the experiences of different nations simplifying the perception of their peculiarities, and may have a positive impact on cross-cultural interactions.