Vol 8, No 3 (2017)

The urgency of the work is due to the fact that linguistics does not have a single opinion on the composition of the pronoun as part of speech, grammars do not take into account the fact that for pronouns the transition from discharge to discharge is typical, in the explanatory dictionaries, the number and composition of pronoun values is differently interpreted differently. If the pronoun belongs to two or more lexical-grammatical categories, the question arises, from which to which category it passes. To answer it, it is necessary to study the compatibility of the pronoun with the pronouns of those categories to which it is related, to reveal the common and different between the pronoun of the other and the placeholders, which are close in meaning to it (one or the other). The material is collected from the National Corps of the Russian language. In the history of the Russian language there was a period when one, another, another were close in meaning. And today one, the other, the other, retain in one way or another the old meanings, moreover, if one of them acquires some new meaning, it is likely that others will also develop it. Another is represented by two pronouns-nouns-indefinite and definitive-and two pronouns-adjectives-not definite and definitive. As indefinite, it indicates two different degrees of uncertainty. Other words in the meaning “different from the above” are used with words, any, everything, everything, everything that causes the idea of the illegitimacy of combining the given pronouns and the pronoun of the other in the sense “dif-ferent from the given” in the category of the determinative.

The article contains a complex analysis of the category of comparison in the Crimean Tatar language, which had not been the subject of a special study earlier. The object of consideration consists of various types of linguistic units extracted from riddles, which express the idea of comparison. The subject of the analysis is the category of comparison as one of the basic categories of cognition, which reflects the linguistic worldview of native speakers. Mental contents of riddles are defined using methods of descrip-tion and linguocultural commentary. Lexical-semantic and grammatical means used for expressing the idea of comparison (complex metaphorization, post-position noun structures of different types, special syntactic models, lexemes with semantics of similarity, etc.) are described in the paper. Thematic groups of words defining reference standards and references of comparison are identified and characterized in the work. Combined discourse of riddles as universal forms of expressing comparative content reflects a broad axiologically marked linguistic worldview of Crimean Tatar people: their history, phenomena of material and spiritual culture, traditional activities formed under the influence of specific natural and climatic factors of Crimean Peninsula, and others.

The article brings up the concern about a common misconception of what translation is. Despite a unanimous scholars’ opinion that understanding of the ST is a prerequisite of successful translation, sense-formation of the ST is often presented as a mechanical procedure that has no relation to the language user. Such approach is typical of not only machine translation programs, where formalization of intellectual operations is a forced necessity, but also of modern works on linguistics and translation studies. The author advocates the idea that sense is not a constant that is initially present in the ST. Moreover the author suggests that sense based on dictionary meaning is actualized in a particular context of situation and is related to individual understanding of the signifier given interpreter’s experience and knowledge. Translation can be viewed as a semaonomaseological process, that is understanding of the ST on the initial stage and conveying this sense in the TT on the second stage. In order to understand the ST one must carry out the procedure of discourse reconstruction. Discourse reconstruction - is a restoration of the context of situation, accompanied by movement in the hermeneutic circle and sense conformance check, efforts that brings to light the discourse within which the source text takes a particular meaning. Using a fragment of an authentic text as an example, the author demonstrates how interpreter should carry out the search of corresponding sense via the new notion of discourse reconstruction. Reconstruction of discourse is the procedure that is in line with the cognitive nature of translation and can be used to increase adequacy of translation.

The article considers the role of grammar in the formation of communicative competence of non-linguistic students studying Arabic. Recognizing the fundamental role of linguistic competence in the formation and efficient development of the other components of foreign language communicative competence, the authors consider it advisable to start it from the very first lesson, paying particular attention to the typological peculiarities of the Arabic language, its grammar system. The article presents the characteristic features of the grammatical system of the Arabic language, the word and root structure, the knowledge of which at an early stage of learning will help to avoid problems and will allow to build the necessary linguistic thinking. The theoretical basis was the works of the famous Arabists Starinin (1963) and Yushma-nov (1938, 1998), as well as the outstanding Russian linguist Academician Fortunatov (1990). Such studies are important for comparative grammar and typology of languages and allow to get closer to the worldview of the native Arabic speakers. The conclusions may find their practical application in teaching the Arabic language for Russian students and the Russian language for Arabs.

The article deals with the question of influence of a phraseological image upon the for-mation of a phraseological meaning in English idioms. The problem posed here is actual as it is caused by a rising interest in modern linguistics to the study of secondary nomination in different languages which is connected with peculiarities of people's verbal thinking and world outlook. The subject of our investigation is the English phraseological units with a fully or partially transferred meaning. The object of our exploration is their semantic peculiarities defined by their motivation or demo-tivation for linguistic and extra-linguistic reasons. The method of the inquiry presupposes to go through a brief survey of some historical facts connected with the origin of English idioms. Our intention in writing this article is to trace the сomplicated interconnection between the meaning of an English idiom and the meaning of a phrase which is considered to be its prototype that can be defined according to A.V. Kunin’s classification as speech, language, outlanguage or mixed. At the level of analysis it is possible to demonstrate the fact that though the metaphor on which the given idioms are based is “darkened”, the expressiveness of such phrases is not a bit less than in idioms with “transparent” metaphors which are felt clearly motivated. On the example of English set phrases an attempt is made to show the way language means reflect the information about the national character in its complexity and variety.

In this article the possibilities of the use of place names in the literary texts of the two languages of different systems are grouped. Here the fact is proved that writers treat individually real place names. In the Azerbaijani and English literary texts real place names are used for two reasons. Firstly, to persuade the reader that the events happening in the literary text are real and secondly, to show that place names are the most effective means of expression of the culture and traditions of the people nowadays. Azerbaijani and English writers also use fictitious place names in their works. As to the usage of fictitious place names, in the Azerbaijani literature J. Mammedguluzadeh and in the English literature T. Hardy are the writers who prefer to use fictitious place names in their works which characterize their style. The relevance of this article is defined by the comparative analysis of the stylistic opportunities of place names on the basis of concrete material of the two languages of different systems (Azerbaijani and English). The aim of the research is to define the role of the real and fictitious place names used within the literary text. The subject of the research is to analyse the function of the place names in the literary texts of the two languages of different systems. The object of the research is the real and fictitious place names used by the Azerbaijani and English writers. In the work the complex technique of investigation is applied and such methods as descriptive, comparative, contextual, stylistic, statistical, etc. are used. The Azerbaijani and English literary texts and also scientific literature on onomastics, stylistics and lexicology were the sources of the research. The results of the work can be applied in reading special courses, holding seminars, writing of research papers and dissertations.

The article deals with morphological features of Russian and Portuguese texts of Document on the example of letters of guarantee. Choosing a theme is caused by the development of traditions of busi-ness turnover in Russia and the countries where Portuguese is the official language, expanding international cooperation, economic globalization, the construction of the Information Society, which require a compre-hensive study of theoretical, methodological and practical approaches in the field of lexical content of documents of business turnover. The relevance of the work is determined by the following reasons: globalization of international business ties, which leads to the formation of unified approaches and standardization of business correspond-ence; Actively developing information technologies, which leads to a reduction of barriers in the formation of business correspondence; Occurring in connection with the globalization of the economy and the infor-matization of society changes in the national vocabulary and business culture. The purpose of the work is to consider the morphological features of Russian and Portuguese documentary texts on the example of guarantee letters. The author has identified the following objectives: to determine the content of the letter of guaran-tee and especially its preparation; an analysis of morphological features of letters of guarantee in the Russian and Portuguese. The subject of research is the lexical peculiarities of drawing up documents in Russian and Portuguese. The sources used in the work: normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, doctoral research, literary sources on the studied subject, published in the periodical press and Internet materials. The object of research is the rules and traditions of business turnover.

In the article, based on the interpretation of the experimental material, the content of the ethnic image of the Volga Tatars is determined. The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that the description of the content of the images: “yourself” and “the other” in the minds of Russians and the Tatars can make a significant contribution to the work on forecasting and research of interethnic tension in the Re-public of Tatarstan. The object of the study is the ethnic image of the autochthonous population of the Repub-lic of Tatarstan. The subject of the research is auto- and heterostereotypes of the Volga Tatars within the framework of the “national character” domain. The study of ethnic stereotypes implies the research of de-scriptive features on the material of the associative field “Tatars, what are they? (give some certain typical features)”, which is analyzed with the help of the methodology of field stratification techniques that was developed by I.A. Sternin and A.V. Rudakova (2011). The method of constructing the “semantic gestalt” proposed by Yu.N. Karaulov (2000) was used for the analysis of the ethnonyms. The material for describing the auto- and geterostereotypes of the Volga Tatars was collected with the help of the directed associative experiment, which was conducted among students (17-23 years) of higher educational establishments in Kaluga and Kazan in 2016. The associative field of the ethnonym “Tatars” was formed on the base of the pilot free associative experiment conducted in Russian among schoolchildren and students (12-23 years) of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2015. Comparison of the results of two psycholinguistic experiments allows us to conclude that most of the ethnostereotypes occupy the periphery of the image of the ethnos. In general, the research testifies that Russians and the Tatars of the Republic of Tatarstan perceive the Tatars in a non-stereotyped way.

The article deals with the reflection of lexical units of the theme “foolishness” in F.M. Dos-toevsky’s “The Idiot”, gives a typology of characters with traits characteristic of holy fools, highlighting their characteristics in the aspect of the Christian tradition of foolishness and from the point of view of un-derstanding the philosophy of foolishness by F.M. Dostoevsky. Units of the semantic field “foolishness” are reflected in the “Dictionary of Dostoevsky's language: Idioglossary” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as idioglosses, which carry knowledge of the world of the writer`s linguistic personality. We present a com-parative analysis of 38 lexemes, reflecting the semantic field of foolishness, which actualizes the traits of the foolishness of the characters in F.M. Dostoevsky’s “The Idiot”. Most of the lexical units cited are related to the Christian sphere - “foolishness” in Dostoevsky's understanding reflects the idea of higher Christian justice. The purpose of this article is to summarize the available research on the topic “foolishness” in F.M. Dostoevsky “The Idiot”, to designate her place in the language picture of the writer’s world and in the philosophy of his life. The relevance of the study is the absence of a significant number of scientific papers on this topic. We made our conclusions analyzing mainly novels, correspondence and diaries of F.M. Dostoevsky, and also relying on the work of famous scientists: M.M. Bakhtin, A.P. Evgenieva, V.V. Iva-nova, Yu.N. Karaulova, T.A. Kasatkina, R.G. Nazirova, S.M. Nelsa, E.A. Osokina. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in the study for the first time the theme of foolishness in its linguistic aspect is touched on the material of the Dictionary of the Dostoevsky language.

This article examines the history of the study of loanwords in Chinese and Russian linguistic tradition. The object of research is modern Chinese and Russian languages. Subject of research - the con-cept of borrowed words. Material of the research was theoretical work by Russian and Chinese linguists, dictionaries Russian and Chinese languages. The author proposes to distinguish between borrowed words in Russian and Chinese languages ac-cording to the ways of their borrowing (phonetic, semantic, graphic) and on this basis to give a single definition of the term “loan word” in both languages that will be useful for further comparative studies of this object. In conclusion, the author proposes a definition, which takes into account the graphical borrowed words that are on the periphery of studies of borrowed lexical units.

In recent years ecology has acquired special significance due to environmental deterio-ration and awareness of the need for caring attitude towards nature. Solution of environmental problems requires collaborative effort of specialists from different fields of expertise: ecology and natural resource management, economics, sociology, jurisprudence and terminology, since effective communication based on a common terminology base is key to successful cooperation. Some terms, however, have no exact analogues in other languages. Some terms lose their meaning in literal translation (“energy crops”, “invisible energy carriers”), while others (mostly one-word), consisting of several components, translate into a complete phrase (Naturerfahrungsraum - “space to gain experience with nature”). The article deals with German and international socio-ecological terms, which are difficult or impossible to literally translate into Russian while retaining the original meaning. The list also includes several terms that have literal translations (loan translations) into Russian, which do not explain the meanings of the terms to non-experts (“green bridge”, “ecological footprint”), as well as the terms located at the boundary of human ecology and related fields (economics, politics, urban ecology, etc.). The author argues the adviseability of using Sprachmittlung (mediation) instead of Übersetzung (translation) for working with such terms and gives specific examples showing the metaphoricity of German socio-ecological vocabulary (“CNC land insurance”, “safari in a puddle”). Communication of meaning or language mediation (Sprachmittlung) is the subject of this study. The objects of the study are German as well as English (international) socio-ecological terms. Works by E.M. Kakzanova, I.G. Olshansky, Egon Becker and others lay the theoretical foundation of the research. Finally, the author draws conclusions about the peculiarities of communication of meaning of German and English socio-ecological terms.