Vol 16, No 2 (2019)

To describe bilingualism, the author employs the approach developed within the Moscow Psycholinguistic School, i.e. the researcher investigates the language consciousness contents (picture of the world) of a bilingual in the first and second languages, with the free associative experiment acting as a tool to access the picture. The associative field of each word-stimulus is regarded a semantic gestalt, where one can define semantic zones, filled differently due to the language the bilingual uses during the experiment. The investigator assumes the picture of the world of any native language speaker or culture bearer is systematized, the systematicity differs from culture to culture, as well as the knowledge systems associated with the equivalent words.

The article deals with adjective similes of some Slavonic, Baltic and German languages from the position of typology and linguistics of universals and is aimed at revealing common fixed expressions. This approach corresponds to modern tendency in phraseological researches being set at the end of the last century. Nowadays one of the main tasks of lexical typology is to study the plan of expression rather than the plan of content. The cognitive approach appears to be helpful in achieving this task as its application in typology is recognized as rather productive way of searching for content universals and for the analysis of human knowledge that effects the development of language itself. Our research covers similes of eight languages and this fact verifies conclusions about universals existence. Continuous sampling, descriptive, comparative and cognitive analysis methods are applied in the study. The main results of the study lie in the proof of lexical universals existence among adjective similes of eight languages.

The article discusses the relationship of bilingual education with the problems of ethnic and language identification in the USSR and modern Russia. The concept of protecting the rights of national minorities includes an extensive range of linguistic rights and the right to education in minority languages. This right is protected by many international agreements and documents of international organizations and is considered to be an unconditional conquest of fighters for human rights. However, this ignores cases of inconsistencies in ethnic and linguistic identity, which are increasingly frequent in the modern world, and the right of citizens to free ethnic and linguistic self-determination. Planning in the field of bilingual education and teacher training requires objective information on the real number of people willing to study in minority languages, which can be obtained as a result of language monitoring and censuses.

The article proposes the approval of the term ‘transcultural’ purposiveness in the terminological definition ‘transcultural linguoconceptual globalization outline (construct)’. This terminological definition refers to the linguocultural socio-emergent formed in the conditions of multilingualism and multiculturalism (in particular Pridnestrovian region). The characteristic of this outline (construct) is presented, the main ways of its description are outlined; some methodological conditions for its analysis are indicated. The terminological difference between the terms ‘intercultural’, ‘cross-cultural’ and ‘transcultural’ reflects the direction of the millennium globalization processes. This difference is determined by the terminological specificity of those scientific knowledge spheres in which these terms are using as a general thing. Despite this, the author shows that the essence of globalization processes can be expressed through the construction of the regional (we mean the multilingual and multicultural regions) transcultural theoretical outline from the linguoconceptual point of view. This is possible if cognitivediscursive patterning operates. When describing the aimed transcultural linguoconceptual outline (construct), the author proposes to point up the interpretation of transculturation as a process of cultural convergence and confluence and an opposite one to ‘acculturation’ or ‘enculturation’. It has an assume prominence in assessing the suggested outline’s effectiveness in a pragmatic measurement and can point the cognitive-discursive sphere’s problem issues. A particular question relating to the issue of a pragmatic estimate of this outline implementation - the appraisal of the second and subsequent languages acquisition by aboriginal persons of multilingual regions - is considered to exemplify this thesis. The author notes that the functional-pragmatic and cognitive-communicative approaches came out of the linguistics anthropocentric paradigm. These approaches are in contrast to ethnic-oriented one. They accentuate the functioning of the language and configures itself as an instrument for transcultural communication in the transcultural world. These approaches allow bilingual to be an active participant in the intercultural communication and socialization.

The article is devoted to the study of small genres of Russian and Tatar literature in the aspect of comparative poetics. It is stated that comparative poetics is based on a comparative method which is in its’ turn based on the idea of preservation of national literature originality, involved in a dialogue. The sphere of the uniqueness actualizes the category of genre, that is the problem of genres correlation, their possible correlation in cross-literal space. The factual basis - are the genres of fable and masal in works by I.A. Krylov and G. Tukai. Their history, some aspects of poetics and correlation in multilingual cultures are revealed. It is concluded that, Tukay in his collection of translations of “Pearls” (1909) was the founder of new genre form, which, on the one hand, was close to a Russian fable, on the other hand, took the features of the masal, as well as the Oriental Proverbs, nasihats and other genres associated with the tradition of rhymed prose.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the genre nature of ghazal in Tatar literature of the late XX - early XXI centuries. The focus of research attention is the work of Radif Gatash, whose works are a model of love lyrics. The national poet was able to accommodate new techniques in the traditional genre, to uncover the problems facing modern society. The language of his works is metaphorical, different layers of vocabulary are skillfully combined in the text: the sublimely high-flown style coexists with a “simple” word. The author of the article aims to reveal the principles of the translation of Gatash’s poetry into Russian. In the course of a comparative analysis of the works of V. Khamidullina and A. Karimova, it is concluded that the Russian-speaking audience has the opportunity to experience the full peculiarity of the ghazals of the modern Tatar national poet. At the same time, as the study shows, the installation of the poet-translator itself plays an important role, whose creative search inevitably leads to liberties and transformational changes, which is especially noticeable in the translations of V. Khamidullina.