Vol 9, No 2 (2018)

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The article is devoted to professional speech of public officials. The author analyses specific social factors, which influence the language of state administration. These are functions of public administration, the necessity to follow а new style of state administration, modern administrative discourse, social and cultural trends as well as the language mode - the factor which influences verbal behavior of public officials. The article deals with the problem of the usage of the Russian language as an official language of the Russian Federation in the field of law and public administration. It is very important for public officials to use literary language norms in official texts, documents, where they use Russian as an official language. The article focuses on certain linguistic difficulties in official documents. Analysis of the usage of literary language in the field of public administration indicates that there are some traditions of public officials corporate language. The author analyses linguistic difficulties in official texts, some of them are not described in special dictionaries. Some recommendations of dictionaries are not applicable for public officials, because they have the contradictions with their real speech practice. The author of the article indicates some political and legal factors, which influence the language of state administration. They are of great importance in situations of choice of linguistic variants in speech practice of public officials. The author suggests the solutions for the problem of contradictions in the recommendations of the academic vocabulary and actual practice of public officials for literary language normalization. The solution of this problem will improve the quality of drafting of official documents.

This article is devoted to the problem of the main ways of assimilating English words into Chinese: phonetic, semantic and calque are the main methods of assimilation of English words. Which way of loan words is preferable remains a debatable question among the Chinese linguistics. Specifics of hieroglyphic writing of the Chinese language predetermined a number of features of assimilating English neologisms by calque. Currently, a large number of words are assimilated in a mixed way, in addition to the exact translation of an English word or part of a word into Chinese, there is necessarily a hieroglyph or a combination of hieroglyphs that convey the sound of English word or part of an English word. Such sound characters can be found in both the preposition and the postposition of the semantic part of word. A distinctive feature of such hieroglyphic signs is their asemantic character. As for the graphic method, it is not a productive way in Chinese. In recent years, in Chinese language a method that hieroglyphic word synthesized by hieroglyphic signs, digital signs, symbols and English graphemes is actively used. The specific point of this loan words method in Chinese is their function as abbreviations. A separate role is the classifier in terms of assimilation of English new words in Chinese. Adding a classifier to a loan word makes it easier for Chinese speakers to understand. This article also describes the variants of assimilation English loan words in Chinese. The article provides a large number of examples illustrating typical ways of assimilating English neologisms in Chinese.

The article deals with the idea of changing general system how to decompose the extracts with humorous effect when carrying out the contrastive analysis of the original text and its translation. The previously used system of translation techniques based on a language structure doesn’t always have a positive effect on the results of the contrastive analysis of these texts. The author suggests using General theory of verbal humour (GTVH), created by S. Attardo semantic theory of humour (V. Raskin). The essential parameter is script opposition. The paper having one source text and two target texts as the material shows the advantages of the theory to find out differences and similarities in the system «original text/ translation», as well as in the system «translation 1 / translation 2». The author believes that changing the perspective for contrastive analysis with the help of the new system applied we can describe the translation procedure in more details, as well as demonstrate his/her strategy and explain the variability in linguistic means usage. Moreover, the new approach helps us explain some possible translation failures more objectively and carry out the contrastive analysis of two variants of translation of one source text, if necessary. The observations and conclusions, presented as the results in the paper, could be important for the development of humour translation theory in general and for practice in the sphere of literary translation in particular.

The article deals with the analysis of foregrounding devices represented in the poetic work “Aytys” by Olzhas Suleymenov. In general, foregrounding as a stylistic phenomenon is typical of all the functional styles. However, it acquires a special importance in the poetic texts which are characterised by a great variety of all-level foregrounding devices and the absence of functional stylistic, emotive, expressive and figurative limits. The foregrounding devices in a poetic context and their distinguishing functional features give the author the opportunity to create non-standard (linguistically deviant) poetic micro text determined by the bilingual artistic thinking. A special attention in the article is given to the analysis of semantic-stylistic groups which include different components providing maximal level of foregrounding in the text: repetition of homogenous syntactic constructions, repetition of lexical units, semantic contrast, violation of rhyme and rhythm, personification, stylistic paradox, etc. The concentration of a great variety of foregrounding devices in the context displays the internal stylistic potentiality of a poetic text in general. The poetic text under analysis is the integration of Kazakh and Russian perceptions of the world which is transmitted by means of the Russian language. The poetic text is characterised by the dominance of the Kazakh mental images, phenomena and objects formed in the mind of a translingual poet. This fact provides the semantic richness of the text and its stylistic potential which is characterised by the author’s individual expressions and the variety of foregrounding devices.

Code-switching is one of the aspects to study the immediate results of language contacts which supposes that intra-sentential analysis of morpho-syntactic structures could explain the causes and reasons of language borrowings in synchronic linguistics. It also involves psychological and social aspects of human behaviour, but confines itself to linguistic analysis. At present three main theories which are language rooted and the most developed ones govern code-switching research, namely, linear order constraint model of S. Poplack et al.; linear order non-constraint model of N. Chomsky and E. Woldorf and Matrix Language Frame model elaborated by C. Myers-Scotton. All the three proceed from the idea of a monolingual grammar regulating code-switching process, though in Chomskyan model such monolingual grammar is substituted with the Universal Grammar in combination with generative grammar rules. The C. Myers-Scotton Frame model seems more complicated as it is organized as a double-headed instrument: dominant Matrix Language doesn’t eliminate the factor of Embedded Language which in course of their interaction creates a kind of collaboration. All the three models basically deal with a sentence structure and thus are in fact intra-sentential studies, though the conclusions are also made on the morphological and even phonological aspects of the utterance. Lexicon of languages in contact is practically neglected in the studies but N. Chomsky, and J. MacSwan and C. Myers-Scotton pay attention to lexical borrowings; they prove the importance of those by developing the notion of nonce borrowings specific representation of culture and tradition. In fact the present day state-of-the art in the domain of code-switching base itself upon observation and language samples accumulation in course of analysis of structural features of contacting languages. The shortcomings of the approach might be motivated by the fact that typological language features are not applied, so the analysis lacks a solid background bringing in random data without any classification possible. Thus one may assume that main results at a present level of research could be found in the sphere of methodology and methods. As to code-switching terminology it’s in course of development: even the notion of ‘code’ in our opinion needs more precise definition as it originally refers not to language itself but to semiotic systems of various origins and nature. The directions for future research do not confine themselves to bilingual or multilingual data, but mean to deepen the multidisciplinary studies of language contacts and verify the reasons for code-switching through the complex of humanities and natural sciences applied to linguistic items and codes.

The paper first presents the unique material matching the description of the word TIME in different author's dictionaries, created one model - in is the idioglossarium of Dostoevsky and etnnoidioglossarium of Ch. Aitmatov. There are no textual database of all works of Chingiz Aitmatov, there is no etnnoidioglossarium, but perfectly designed structure of a dictionary entry in the idioglossarium of Dostoevsky gives the possibility, firstly, to create a similar entry on a separate piece of another author; secondly, it gives an opportunity to see the peculiarities of the author's intention and his creative workshop, even if the work of different writers belongs to the different epochs; thirdly, it gives an opportunity to see the broad linguocultural and historical context of the writer's Outlook. To compare the language of two writers in this article the most informative, interesting and suitable parameters for comparison on incomplete material are chosen: this word frequency is a significant indicator for idioglossa; this is a system of contextual values - definitions - giving an idea of the completeness of the meaning of the word; this is the phraseology that has a stable form; it is the aphorisms - are important indicators of the author's thinking; this is an associative field, identified vocabulary from the context of the idioglossa; there are figures of speech showing the level of language proficiency and the breadth of precedent texts. Not represented vocabulary of idioglosses, as it does not make sense to compare the wordlist of a single work and the most complete Glossarium of all the works of the two authors. For comparison, two authors were chosen - Russian-speaking and bilingual, writing in Russian and Kyrgyz languages, and this is a unique opportunity to see the creative and linguistic features of each on the basis of Russian. This comparison contains unlimited perspectives. The dictionary description of the writer's language reveals the worldview (“picture of the world”) of each of them does not depend on the subjective assessment of the researcher, but reveals the truth.

The definition of the term “language game” stays an actual problem of linguistics, as the term essence was not clearly revealed under the first usage at E.A. Zemskaya’s researches, where the phenomenon had got an aesthetic interpretation appealed to the poetic function of language. Contemporary science treat facts of language game as comic ones. Simultaneously language game researches are based on texts material, whereas speech aspect need a careful examining. In this case, there is a dining material texts in the study of this phenomenon, although the roar of the variant of the phenomenon also requires study. The article proposes the use of pragmatic options for a living material spontaneous speech with the aim of delineating the actual game pieces and the creative category. Records of a live speech of inhabitants of St. crimes from cards of chair of the Russian, Slavic and General linguistics Trick of Academy of the Crimean Federal University act as a material. The material is subjected to discourse, word-formation and semantic analysis. Shot polonium research opposes the fate and referent (cognitive) functions of the language. Highlight the statements about the provence in the flow is subject to consultation and actions between messages. At the same time, there is a nerve distribution of the load distribution on each of the components of the act. The playful nature of some of the units reduces informative statements, customize discuss around the contact rather than the message, as that implies a static criterion in determining the language game. During interaction about the type of the participants orally by means of neural realist objectives: empathy is to share state of the opponent, to emphasize the closeness of the relationship, to establish contact with a stranger, to make him communication. This type of organization discuss attests to the special specificity of the preferential component statements containing the standard receive units. Calms these units with a daily does not sort to the direct preferential individual character sum, but is set indirectly - through discourse descriptors indicating the purpose of the action and the ways of its implementation. Analysis of preferential specific rev units grow character to demonstrate a relic of the degree of correlation of intra-factors discuss organization extras and that allowed to draw a conclusion about the Orient of the scope of the terminal “language game” facts fate of Provence.

The algorithm of analysis of business letter in Russian, English and Portuguese languages on the basis of next aspects: style and genre, structure-semantic and pragmatic features, pragmatic information, genre varieties are presented in the article. A business letter as the type of text that has the special communicative structure and provided with documentary force grammatically executed and semantically completed is certained here. It is shown that pragmatic information in texts of business letter will be realized through the grammatical category of modality and pragmatic category of business politeness, that explisite in hyperbolae, formulas of politeness and indirect speech act of request. A commitment letter as the form of business correspondence is examined. A commitment letter is presented as a document, in that a sender promises or guarantees to carry out implementation of some actions in regard to an addressee, that conected with its interests. The aim of the article: to investigate the specific of analysis of business letters in Russian, English and Portuguese.