Vol 30, No 1 (2025)

The aim of this research paper is to conduct a comparative legal study of medical privacy protection based on the regulatory practices of the United States and Canada. The research relevance stems from the growing role of information in the modern world, driven by the rapid development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the emergence of new challenges related to unauthorized access to personal data. Medical information is treated as sensitive data requiring special protection due to its direct and intimate connection to specific individuals. This explains the specialized regulations in the US and Canada to safeguard medical privacy, backed by liability measures. The study employs the following methods: system analysis, which examines medical privacy protection systems holistically in each country; comparative legal analysis, which juxtaposes specific regulatory aspects of liability for medical privacy violations; analogy, which identifies similarities and parallels across jurisdictions; induction, which extracts common features from particular provisions; and retrospective analysis, which traces the historical evolution and refinements in medical privacy protection. The research yields several conclusions regarding both countries and assesses development trends in medical privacy protection in the US and Canada.

Given the growing role of law in public administration and social regulation, studying legal technologies that rationalize the legislative process and enhance the quality of enacted laws holds significant scientific value. One such technology is planning of law-drafting activities, which optimizes the sequence of law creation, improves coordination among lawmakers, and strengthens oversight of legal objectives. Planning is actively used in the subjects of the Russian Federation, many of which have adopted regulatory legal acts governing the development and implementation of law-drafting plans. As a result, the regions of Russia have developed their own, sometimes unique, approaches to the organization and legal regulation of planning relations. The purpose of the work is to study and organize the diversity of law-drafting planning technologies used in the subjects of the Russian Federation. To achieve this, a classification of the approaches to organizing the planning process established in Russia’s regions has been conducted, categorizing them by type and subtype using criteria of legal significance. This purpose is achieved through the use of systematic, structural-functional, formal-legal, comparative legal, and legal modeling methods. The formulated conclusions are based on the results of an analysis of acts of federal and regional legislation regulating the planning of law-drafting activities and the practice of their application, strategic documents, as well as scientific research by domestic and foreign authors. Based on the classification, planning technologies were identified whose application will improve the efficiency of the legislative process and the quality of adopted laws. Proposals for improving the legal framework for planning relations were put forward and substantiated. The results obtained can form the basis for further doctrinal developments in the field of legal theory and lawmaking theory and be used in practical lawmaking.

Advances in digital technology - particularly Web3’s pseudonymity and decentralized naming systems, combined with information flows’ anonymity, accessibility, and cross-border nature - enable terrorist organizations to recruit members and perpetrate discrete socially dangerous acts. Conventional reactive counterterrorism measures prove inadequate against rapid illicit content dissemination that leaves detectable digital traces. This study explores artificial intelligence’s (AI) counter-criminal potential on machine learning and predictive analytics for proactively identifying and preventing terrorist activity through behavioral indicators and digital footprints that facilitate a strategic shift to proactive security paradigms. The research develops a multimodal analytical framework integrating natural language processing, computer vision, audio analysis, and social network analysis, detailing the complete machine learning pipeline from data preprocessing to model deployment. It examines the “RED-Alert” system as practical implementation and proposes a novel “Threshold Adaptive Intervention” (PORA) module utilizing graph neural networks and time-series analysis for digital risk assessment. Machine learning excels at threat detection and digital evidence generating, necessitating reevaluation of internet service providers’ (ISP) liability - particularly collective digital inaction. A differentiated liability framework accounts for providers’ technical influence while treating AI-derived risk indicators as ancillary tools for establishing individual culpability. Machine learning and predictive analytics enable a strategic shift to proactive counterterrorism.

The study analyzes discussions surrounding 1968 amendments to the Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Marriage and Family, driven by post-war reconstruction needs. The study reveals law-society interaction mechanisms under centralized governance and evaluates long-term impacts on gender relations and demographic policy. Despite extensive Soviet family law scholarship, post war anti-abortion campaigns and children’s rights evolution remain underexplored. Employing historical and historical-legal methods, the research compares pre- and post-Great Patriotic War family legislation, identifying key developments in parental and child legal status. Primary sources from the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF) constitute the evidential base. The analysis demonstrates a systematic state strategy for family welfare (1945-1960) through operational legislative measures strengthening family ties. The 1968 Fundamentals prioritized legal status of children born out of wedlock, child-rearing conflict resolution, paternity establishment, and alimony regulations for child and spousal support. Inadequate regulation consistently violated children’s rights - a core concern of modern family law.

In the contemporary world, where debates about state power, law, justice, and the effectiveness of public administration continue unabated, understanding the origins of these categories is becoming increasingly important. Contemporary American theories have made a significant contribution to elucidating not only the causes of their emergence but also the resulting nature of these categories. Drawing on the fundamental legacy of classical political and legal thought, these authors, substantiate the role of coercion, conflict, and war in catalyzing the emergence of the first state formations and legal systems. Accordingly, a detailed examination of this issue is particularly relevant for legal theory. The purpose of this article is to identify the significance of violent causes in the emergence of the state and law in contemporary American theories. This goal is pursued by analyzing the contributions of individual theories to understanding the historical process of the formation of state and legal institutions, with particular attention to their empirical foundations. The theoretical basis of the study consists of the works of contemporary American representatives of the Chicago School of Economic Analysis of Law, as well as scholars from related social sciences, including political science, sociology, and history, along with game theory as a branch of mathematical analysis applicable to law. The research methodology relies on tools traditional to historical and legal scholarship. General philosophical and scientific methods are employed while among the specific scientific methods, in addition to legal ones, historical methods play an important role, including historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-typological approaches. The study concludes that a high frequency of conflicts and clashes does indeed stimulate the emergence of centralized authority to protect against external and internal threats and, as a consequence, leads to the formation of the state and law as mechanisms for creating public goods through taxation. However, this is not the only factor, and violent causes should be considered alongside other social, economic, and cultural determinants of state and legal development.

The article examines the novel institution of federal territories within Russian statehood, introduced by 2020 Constitutional amendments and operationalized through the Sirius federal territory. This first domestic experience reveals distinctive features in public authority structure compared to both traditional Russian governance and foreign analogues. Critical analysis is essential for refining related legislation. The study elucidates the legal nature, characteristics, rationale, and governance apparatus of federal territories, with particular attention to international practices (USA, Australia, India). It analyzes Sirius power structures and its relationships with federal and Krasnodar Krai authorities. The research draws on Russian/foreign legislation, scientific literature, and Constitutional Court practice, employing systemic, analytical, classification, deductive, and formal-legal methods. Key findings include: (1) diverse creation factors determine varying autonomy levels (primary classification criterion); (2) “Sirius” embodies federal-territorial authority; (3) despite public-legal independence, federal territories retain administrative-territorial status within constituent entities (dual status).

The article is devoted to a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the genesis and evolution of private property law. The study covers a wide historical period - from antiquity to the present - and examines the development of this institution in various legal systems (Roman law, the law of Ancient Mesopotamia and Greece, Russian pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern constitutional law, as well as the experience of the USA, Germany, France, China, and other countries). The relevance of the work stems from the fundamental role of private property as the foundation of legal systems and economic development, as well as the need to identify common trends and national peculiarities in its regulation at present. The purpose of this work is to determine universal and specific patterns in the development of constitutional and legal regulation of social relations in the sphere of private property. The work sequentially addresses the tasks of studying its origin, stages of historical development, and modern constitutional and legal status. The scientific novelty lies in combining historical-legal retrospect with synchronous comparative analysis, which enables proposing a periodization of the evolution of the institution and formulating conclusions about the convergence of national models. The key conclusion of the article is the transformation of private property law: from an absolute individual right, it has evolved into an institution performing a social function, accompanied not by a weakening but by a strengthening of its guarantees through the development of international legal protection mechanisms and the activities of constitutional justice bodies.

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