Editor-in-Chief: Oleg A. Yastrebov, Doctor of Laws, Doctor of Economics, full professor ISSN: 2313-2337 (Print) ISSN: 2408-9001 (Online) Founded in 1997. Publication frequency: quarterly PUBLISHER: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) Open Access: . APC: no article processing charge Peer-Review: double blind. Publication language: Russian, English Indexation: White List, Russian Index of Science Citation, RSCI, DOAJ, Crossref, Google Scholar, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat, Cyberleninka, Dimensions, ResearchBib, Lens, Research4Life, JournalTOCs, British Library, Bodleian Libraries (University of Oxford), Ghent University Library
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)
The right of authorship belongs to the authors of articles. The authors transfer the rights to use the article (including the use and distribution of an article in the Open Access) to the publisher of the journal on a non-exclusive license (Publishing Agreement (Public Offer)). At the same time, authors remain full rightsholders. Publishing Agreement (Public Offer) to Publish an Article in an Academic Periodical 'RUDN Journal of Law' The Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), represented by the Vice-Rector for Scientific Work Kostin Andrey Alexandrovich, acting under a Power of Attorney No 0036-03/21-163 dated 12.10.2021, hereinafter referred to as the Publisher, on the one hand, hereby offers to the public at large, hereinafter referred to as the Author, on the other hand, hereinafter collectively referred to as the Parties, to enter into this agreement, hereinafter referred to as the Agreement, regarding publication of scholarly materials, hereinafter referred to as the Article, in the Journal named 'RUDN Journal of Law', hereinafter referred to as the Journal, under the following terms. 1. General Terms and Conditions 1.1. Pursuant to Clause 2 of the Article 437 of the Russian Federation Civil Code, this Agreement shall be recognized as the public offer, hereinafter referred to as the Offer. Subject to Article 438 of the Russian Federation Civil Code, this Offer shall be deemed to have been completely and irrevocably accepted after the Author had submitted his/her materials by uploading those onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/author/submit/1 on the Information and Communication Network known as the Internet, hereinafter referred to as the Internet. 1.2. Pursuant to the Russian Federation effective law as applicable to compliance with the copyright to electronic information resources, no materials from any site, electronic journal or project may be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form, either in a hard or soft copy, without a prior consent from the Journal's authors and editorial staff, which may be expressed by posting a respective consent (open license Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 CC BY-NC) in the relevant section of the Journal's site on the Internet. Whenever any published materials are used within the context of other documents, a reference to the original source needs to be specified. 1.3. The Journal is registered by the Federal Oversight Service for Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (RosKomNadzor). 2. Terms Used in This Agreement The Author is an individual (or individuals) whose creative labor has produced the Article. The Offer Acceptance means a complete and irrevocable acceptance of the Offer under the terms specified in Clause 3 hereof (the Author accepts the Offer by submitting an application to the Publisher, i.e. by uploading the Article along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/author/submit/1 on the Internet). The Journal means an academic periodical named 'RUDN Journal of Law'. The Application means an electronic request of the Author addressed to the Publisher for publishing the Article in the Journal by uploading the Article and support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/author/submit/1 on the Internet). The Publisher is the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN), being the Journal's founder and publisher. The Article's Metadata means any materials in Russian and English intended to be included into the Science Citation database as per the original version of the Article such as the Article title; authors' details (full last name, first name, patronymic, present employer of each author with indication of the postal code, contact details (e-mail) of each author; abstract; keywords; topical classifications: UDC or any other bibliographic and library classification, and subject indices; bibliography (list of references). The Offer means this document (offer to the Author) to publish an Article by uploading it onto the site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/author/submit/1 on the Internet. The Publication means the act of publishing the Article in the Journal. The Journal's Editorial Staff means a creative team engaged in preparing the Journal for publication. The Editorial Board is an advisory body of the Journal's Editorial Office. The Article means a result of fundamental and applied scholarly efforts in the form of a scholarly material, scientific review material, scientific message, bibliographical review on specific topics of the scholarly study, and background information on Russian and foreign scientists submitted by the Author for publication in the Journal. The Parties mean the Author and the Publisher. The Article Requirements mean requirements to the materials published in the Journal's section named "To Authors" of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/about/submissions#authorGuidelines on the Internet. The Service means publication of the Article in the Journal as per the Author's application. 3. Subject Matter of the Agreement (Offer) 3.1. Subject to this Agreement, the Author shall provide the Publisher at no expense for the copyright duration as stated by the Russian Federation legislation with a non-exclusive license for use of the Author-created Article for the purpose of its publication in the Journal. 3.2. The rights to use this Article as assigned hereunder shall include but not limited to: reproduction of the Article or any part thereof, as well as its metadata in Russian and English in any material form whatsoever, including soft and hard copy forms, as an individual work product in periodicals and/or databases (whether local or web-based) owned by the Publisher and/or any other persons at the discretion of the Publisher; dissemination of the Article or any part thereof, as well as its metadata in Russian and English on any media as part of the Journal and/or databases owned by the Publisher or any other persons, at the discretion of the Publisher, or as an individual work product, worldwide via open access or by subscription without payment of any fee to the Author; making public the Article or any part thereof as well as its metadata in Russian and English so that any person could access the Article from any location and at any time of his/her choice (including via the Internet); issuing permissions to use the Article or any part thereof as well as its metadata in Russian and English to any third parties while notifying the Author by publishing the respective information on the Journal's site without payment of any fee to the Author; processing, including translation of the Article (including translation into foreign languages), and use of the processed (translated) Article in any manner specified above; any other rights, not expressly assigned to the Publisher hereunder, including patent rights to any processes, techniques or methods, and other means, described by the Author in the Article, as well as trademark rights, shall be retained by the Author. 3.3. No territorial restrictions will be applied to the use of rights to the Article. 3.4. This Agreement shall become effective from the time the Article is submitted to the Journal, i.e. uploaded along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/author/submit/1 on the Internet, hereinafter referred to as the Article Upload. 3.5. The rights shall be assigned by the Author to the Publisher at no expense, and the Article publication in the Journal shall not result in any financial contribution to the Author. 3.6. If the Publisher decides to refuse to publish the Article in the Journal, this Agreement shall cease to be in force. A decision to refuse publication shall be sent to the Author via the e-mail address specified in the Application. 3.7. The Publisher undertakes, throughout the currency of this Agreement, to provide to the Author the services associated with publication of the Article on the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law on the Internet. 4. General Terms of the Services Provision 4.1. The Publisher shall provide the services to the Author only if: the Author submits all materials compliant with the Offer requirements by way of the Article Upload; the Author Accepts the Offer. 4.2. The services shall be provided to the Author free of charge. 4.3. If any materials submitted by the Author are found in breach of rules and requirements of this Offer, the Publisher shall have a right to refuse to publish those. 4.4. The Publisher shall not be responsible for any third-party unauthorized use of the data provided by the Author during the currency of this Agreement. 5. Rights and Responsibilities of the Parties 5.1. The Author warrants that: he/she is the valid holder of exclusive rights to the Article; rights granted to the Publisher hereunder were not earlier assigned and will not be assigned to any third parties prior to publication of the Article by the Publisher in the Journal; the Article contains all the references to cited authors and/or sources (materials) that are required by the effective copyright law; the Author has obtained all required licenses to results, facts and other borrowed materials used in the Article where the Author is not a copyright holder; the Article does not contain any materials that may not be published in public sources in accordance with the effective Russian Federation statutory instruments, and the Article publication and dissemination will not involve any disclosure of classified (confidential) information, including state secrets; the Author has familiarized himself with the editorial policy and ethical principles published on the Journal website (http://journals.rudn.ru/law/about/editorialPolicies) and the consequences of violating these principles, has advised other Co-authors of the terms of this Agreement and has received consents from all the Co-authors to conclude this Agreement under the terms hereunder. 5.2. The Author undertakes to: submit a manuscript of the Article as per the Requirements to articles; avoid using the soft copy of the Article produced by the Publisher for commercial purposes and in other periodicals; while preparing the Article for publication, the Author undertakes to: make edits specified by readers and approved by the Journal's Editorial Office in the text of the Article and/or revise the Article following the Publisher's request, where necessary; proofread the Article within the timeframes specified in the Journal publication schedule; make only such edits in the proof that are minimally required to correct errors made in the Article original and/or introduce factual and momentary changes. 5.3. The Author is entitled to: pass to any third party a soft copy of the published Article provided by the Publisher pursuant to Clause 5.4 hereof for the Article to be incorporated, in whole or in part, into a scientific information database or repository in order to promote academic or scholarly investigations or for informational and educational purposes subject to the Author, Journal and Publisher being properly referenced. 5.4. The Publisher undertakes to: publish the Author's Article, in soft or hard copy form, in the Journal in accordance with the terms hereof; provide the Author with the proof of the Article and make reasonable edits as requested by the Author, where required, following the Journal's Editorial resolution; provide the Author with the soft copy of the published Article by sending it to the Author's e-mail address within 15 business days of the Journal issue's publication; respect the Author's rights established by the effective law, protect those and use best endeavors to prevent any copyright infringements by third parties. 5.5. The Publisher is entitled to: carry out technical and literary editing of the Article such that its basic content would remain unchanged; review the Article and suggest appropriate changes to the Author, and elect not to publish the Article if the Author fails to introduce such changes; require from the Author and/or other persons that the Journal, Publisher, Author and any other copyright holder, as well as the title of the Article, Journal issue identification and a year of publication as specified in the Journal be properly referenced whenever the Journal and/or the Article, including any individual part or fragment thereof, are used by any of the above-mentioned individuals thereafter; publish preliminary and/or advertising information on the forthcoming publication of the Article in mass media and any other information sources; establish rules (conditions) for acceptance and publication of materials in the Journal. The Journal's Editorial Board, headed by the Editor-in-Chief, shall enjoy an exclusive right to accept and/or reject any materials submitted to the Journal's Editorial Office for publication purposes. No manuscript (tangible medium) submitted by the Author to the Journal's Editorial Office will be subject to return. The Journal's Editorial Staff will not enter into any correspondence regarding the rejection of the Article by the Journal's Editorial Board; suspend provision of services to the Author hereunder temporarily for technical, technological and other reasons preventing the services from being provided for the duration of remedial activities; suspend services hereunder in accordance with civil procedures if: the Article does not correspond to the topics covered by the Journal or by any part thereof, or the submitted material is found insufficient for the individual publication, or the Article design is found at variance with the requirements imposed; the Author is in breach of any other obligations assumed under the Offer arrangement; introduce changes to the Offer as per the procedure established by the Offer. 5.6. Unless otherwise provided or stated herein, the Parties shall refer to the effective legislation of the Russian Federation. 6. Offer Acceptance and Conclusion of the Agreement. The Term of the Agreement 6.1. This Agreement shall become effective when concluded, i.e. when the Author Accepts the Offer by sending an application to the Publisher, that is, by uploading the Article (Article Upload), and remain in effect for five years. 6.2. The Offer Acceptance constitutes an Agreement made in writing (Articles 438 and 1286.1 of the Russian Federation Civil Code) under the Offer terms. 6.3. Unless any of the Parties sends to the other Party a written notification of the Agreement termination no later than two months prior to the end of the specified five-year period, the duration of the Publisher's copyright to the Work shall be automatically extended by the similar period. The number of extensions is not limited. 6.4. The term of the Agreement may not exceed the duration of exclusive rights to the Article pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation. 6.5. Whenever the Author assigns (disposes of) its exclusive rights to the Work to any third party, this Agreement shall remain in effect. 7. Agreement Modification and Termination Procedure 7.1. The Publisher shall have a right to unilaterally modify the terms of this Agreement by giving a prior notice to the Author, at least ten (10) calendar days before such modifications become effective, to the Author's e-mail address specified in the Author's application or via the Journal's site. These modifications shall become effective from the date specified in the respective notice. 7.2. If the Author disagrees with any modification in the terms of this Agreement, the Author shall have a right to submit a written notice of his/her withdrawal from this Agreement by uploading it onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review, available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/law/author/submit/1 on the Internet. 7.3. This Agreement may be terminated early: at any time by mutual agreement of the Parties; or otherwise as stipulated herein. 7.4. The Author shall have a right to cancel this Agreement unilaterally by sending the Publisher a respective notice in writing at least sixty (60) calendar days prior to the intended date of the Author's Article publication in the Journal. 7.5. The termination of this Agreement for any reasons shall not release the Parties from responsibility for breach of any Agreement terms during the currency hereof. 8. Liability 8.1. A Party which has failed to perform its obligations under this Agreement, either in full or in part, shall be held liable pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation in force. 8.2. All the data provided by the Author shall be trustworthy. The Author shall be responsible for completeness and reliability of the data provided to the Publisher. The use of untrustworthy information obtained from the Author shall not entail any responsibility upon the Publisher for any adverse effects resulting from its actions based on such untrustworthy information. 8.3. The Author shall take full personal responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the Russian Federation law on advertising, protection of copyright and related rights, protection of trademarks and service marks, and protection of consumer rights. 8.4. The Publisher shall not be held responsible hereunder for: any actions resulting directly or indirectly from the actions of the Author; any loss incurred by the Author whether or not the Publisher was in a position to predict such loss. 8.5. The Publisher shall be relieved from any responsibility for non-compliance with the terms of this Agreement if such non-compliance is a result of a force-majeure event such as an act of state authorities, including adoption of legal instruments, fire, flood, earthquake, other natural calamities, loss of power and/or computer network failure, strikes, civil commotions, riots, and any other similar events. 9. Dispute Resolution Procedure 9.1. Any disputes and disagreements shall be resolved by the Parties by negotiations, and if the Parties fail to reach an agreement, these shall be resolved in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation. 9.2. If any disagreements remain unresolved, the Parties shall settle those at the location of the Publisher in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation. 10. Miscellaneous 10.1. Any notifications, messages, requests etc., excluding documents which need to be forwarded in original form pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation, shall be deemed to have been received by the Author, if delivered (sent) by the Publisher via the Journal's site, including by publishing those, by fax or e-mail specified in the Application, or using other communication facilities. The Parties acknowledge validity of notifications, messages, requests etc. delivered (sent) using the above-listed methods. 10.2. Where the Publisher becomes subject to any claims related to non-compliance with an exclusive copyright or other intellectual property right of any third party during the writing of the Article or in connection with conclusion of this Agreement by the Author, the Author undertakes to: immediately upon receipt of a Publisher's notification, take measures to settle disputes with such third party, and, where necessary, join the litigation in favor of the Publisher and use its best endeavors to exclude the Publisher from the defendants; reimburse the legal cost, expenses and loss incurred by the Publisher as a result of application of a pre-award relief and measures for execution of a judgment, and damages paid by the Publisher to any third party for the infringement of exclusive copyright and/or other intellectual property rights, as well as other expenditures incurred by the Publisher as a result of infringement by the Author of any warranties provided hereunder. 10.3. Subject to Article 6 of the Federal Law On Personal Data No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006, for the period from the conclusion of this Agreement and until the discharge of Parties obligations hereunder, the Author expresses his/her consent to processing of the following personal data by the Publisher: last name, first name, patronymic; taxpayers identification number (TIN); place and date of birth; citizenship details; ID document details; registration and actual location address; e-mail address; mailing address with postal code; contact phone numbers; fax numbers; and details of the employers. 10.4. The Publisher is entitled to process the above personal data for the purpose of this Agreement performance, including for provision of information and reference services to the Author. The processing of personal data shall be understood to mean any handing (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, refinement (update, alteration), use, distribution (including transfer to third parties), depersonalization, blocking and deletion of personal data in accordance with the effective Russian Federation legislation. 10.5. Where permitted by the Russian Federation legislation, the Author is entitled to withdraw his/her consent to processing of personal data as listed in Clause 10.3 by forwarding a respective notice to the Publisher. Upon receipt of such notice, the Publisher has a right to suspend services. 10.6. The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article. 11. Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) Address: Mikluho-Maklaya st., 6, Moscow, 117198 TIN 7728073720, CRR 772801001, PSRN 1027739189323. Vice Rector for Scientific Work A.A. Kostin
Deviant State: Domestic and Foreign Practices
The task is to explore the optimal, healthy statehood for society and all its social strata. The focus lies on people’s standard of living, the protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms, and the prospects for their development. The author notes that legal science studies the so-called failures of the state - such as ineffective policies and shortcomings of individual reforms and programs - only weakly and in fragments. Aristotle, in his book Politics , referred to these phenomena as deviations in social development and introduced the concept of the “deviant state” into scientific discourse. Following Aristotle, the idea is advanced that the optimal state is one in which the population - all its components - is relatively satisfied with their lives and conditions. Otherwise, the state should be considered weak, effective, or even entirely dysfunctional. According to Aristotle, deviation is the greatest harm to society. State power should strive for virtue and happiness, which requires significant effort from both government structures and society itself. The “eternal” ailments of society include an unproductive economy, low birth rates, alcoholism, inadequate pension provision, insufficient housing, and poor environmental conditions. State measures to address these problems are often insufficient - frequently due to their cost - or ineffective because of the absence of proper programs, poor organization, and the lack of interest among officials and bureaucrats. Efforts to create a healthy and effective state are often hindered by distortions in the separation of government powers, a crisis of parliamentarism, loss of judicial independence, international conflicts, and the absence of quality local self-government. In federal states, nominal federalism also fails to improve the population’s quality of life or address deviations in the state mechanism. The suppression of religious denominations by the state and its structures is another significant factor in assessing the level of state deviation. The result of ineffective state decisions in confronting society’s “eternal” ailments, along with internal breakdowns within the state mechanism, is the emergence of an alienated state and destorshions in social and political systems, accompanied by the flourishing of corruption. The alienated state is depicted as a social and political entity that exists by itself rather than for society. However, it is recognized that the state is a product of society, created for society and its structures, and is wholly accountable to it. A deviant state contributes to the growing alienation of the population from state and municipal authorities. Social, political, and legal alienation pose the greatest danger to society’s prospects. The problem of rational state organization, as addressed by Hegel, is raised. A rational structure of statehood forms a political mindset whereby the “rational” becomes the inner, subjective content of individuals. The state should be founded upon such a society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vlasenko N.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The path of China’s peaceful development and its implications for international law in a shifting international landscape
Against the backdrop of a changing international landscape, a shift in the global balance of power is emerging, characterized by “the East rising and the West declining”. The increasing international influence of developing countries, such as China, is challenging the traditional international order and colling for its transformation. Developing nations are becoming more active on the global stage striving to establish a fair and equitable international legal order. Given the frequent occurrence of regional conflicts and the complexity and instability of the global situation, the path chosen by developing countries to promote the development of international law is of particular significance, underscoring the relevance of this research. The aim of this work is to emphasize that China’s modernization path fundamentally differs from the traditional Western model, with its core principle being the “pursuit of peaceful development”. This approach stands in stark contrast to the hegemonic logic of the West, which has historically relied on colonial expansion and violent plunder through war, and serves as an important model for developing countries. Methodologically, the study employs a combination of general and specialized scientific methods, particularly historical and comparative approaches. The findings conclude that effective ways to promote the development of international law through peaceful development include increasing the provision of international public goods, strengthening national soft and hard power, stabilizing existing multilateral frameworks, and implementing other measures to advance international law and build momentum for transforming the international order.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jia S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
BRICS legal practices in regulating public authorities in healthcare: Insights from Brazil
The article examines the implementation of public authority in the healthcare sector of BRICS member countries, using the Federal Republic of Brazil as a case study. The author reviews a range of contemporary works by domestic and foreign legal scholars focused on the modern structure of the state and its involvement in governance systems - bodies, structures, and institutions operating at various levels. The strengths and weaknesses of the current implementation of public authority in Brazil’s healthcare sector have been identified. The article explores how certain aspects of Brazil’s public power organization can serve as an example for improving the system of public authority in the Russian Federation, taking into account the current macroeconomic context of international politics and the geopolitical situation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kaprina S.O. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Animal Rights Regulation and the Concept of the “Multispecies Family” in Latin American Countries
The aim of the article is to provide a comparative analysis of the ethical, legal, and cultural foundations regulating the relationships between people and pets, especially in the context of reinforcing the traditional value of a harmonious family in Latin American countries. In several of these countries, legislation has established a clearer legal regime that recognizes the fundamental rights and well-being of animals within the framework of “responsible ownership” in families and seeks to overcome the practice of speciesism. Methodologically, the study combines critical animal studies with a sociological analysis of power inspired by Foucauldian biopolitics. Through legal and technical analysis, comparative methods, and the doctrinal perspectives of Ibero-American and North American legal scholars, the article conceptualizes key categories and explores proposed solutions in the field of animal rights protection. A separate section of the article focuses on the status of pets within the “multi-species family”, analyzing this both as a legal concept and as an emerging sub-institution in the legislation of several Latin American countries. Using Brazil as a specific example, the article examines recent legislative innovations regarding the rights of domestic animals and the judicial interpretation of their status within the context of the “multi-species family”.
Copyright (c) 2025 Trikoz E.N., Brasil D.R., Gulyaeva E.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sectoral amparo in the constitutional process: Insights from Spain and Latin America
The amparo procedure is analyzed as a means of protecting the subjective rights and freedoms of citizens in the context of the sectoral features of the legal system. A comparative legal analysis is conducted, contrasting the amparo procedure with other means of constitutional protection known in world practice. This analysis reveals the phenomenon of “sectoral amparo” exemplified by Spain and Latin American countries. The idea is presented that “sectoral amparo” constitutes an important element of the national constitutional identity of the legal and order systems in many countries worldwide. The focus is placed on Mexico’s experience as the first country that to introduce the amparo procedure into legal system. Thanks to the innovations in the Mexican Constitution, the amparo institute has gained widespread recognition in global practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Klishas A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extraordinary and legal measures to address conflicts among the highest state authorities of the Republic of Belarus
The sustainable development of society and the state largely depends on how effectively legal and other social conflicts are prevented and resolved. Optimizing conflict resolution measures is a crucial factor in consolidating society. Modern states are characterized by a renwed system of checks and balances, originally designed to balance the interests of various branches of government. Conflicts have existed throughout the history of every state, and it is important that they be resolved through legal means. In legal doctrine, the problems of legal and social conflicts remain a key focus for scholars and hold significant practical importance. The study aims to investigate doctrinal sources as and national legislation, as well as the specifics of their application, in order to develop recommendations for preventing and resolving legal conflicts. The research is based on scientific publications and national legislation, employing methods such as analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction. Potential conflict threats have been identified, and legal measures for their resolution in the modern period have been outlined. The importance of classifying conflicts is emphasized, as it enables the identificrion of common and distinct features, the analysis of causes, and the development of resolution strategies. Special attention is given to conflicts arising in the context of post-Soviet turbulence, which led to the formation of a new political and legal paradigm. A critical factor in resolving legal conflicts between branches of government is their willingness to seek compromise, develop law enforcement practices strictly with constitutional principles and norms, and, when necessary, employ legitimate means as a popular vote. It is futher emphasized that the guarantee of the rule of law, alongside the separation of powers, depends on a developed legal consciousness grounded in shared constitutional values. Legal science, guided by constitutional principles, must anticipate possible scenarios - including adverse ones - and propose appropriate courses of action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vasilevich S.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inter-municipal cooperation and municipal political autonomy in Argentina: Legal framework and practice
Inter-municipal cooperation enables municipalities to perform their functions more efficiently, especially under conditions of limited resources. However, in many countries the practical implementation of inter-municipal cooperation in practice faces challenges such as imperfect legislation and differing interpretations of municipal authority. This makes the study of foreign experience particularly relevant. Argentina stands out for its extensive and varied experience in regulating inter-municipal co-operation. The diversity of legislative approaches among Argentina’s provinces provides a valuable basis for comparative analysis. Of particular interest is Argentina’s constitutional guarantee of municipal political autonomy, which shapes the legal landscape for inter-municipal cooperation. The purpose of this article is to comprehensively examine the forms and mechanisms of inter-municipal co-operation employed in Argentina. The methodological basis of the study includes general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative-legal and historical approaches. The study examines both federal and regional Argentine legislation, law enforcement practices, and relevant doctrinal sources. The findings indicate that Argentina’s approach to regulating inter-municipal cooperation exemplifies the practical realization of the constitutional municipal autonomy. Provincial legislation on this issue is notably diverse: in some provinces, inter-municipal cooperation is regulated by both public and private law, while in others it is treated solely as a public law matter. The Argentine experience offers valuable insights that could be adopted for use in Russia, provided they are appropriately tailored to the local context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Komlev E.Y., Ruiz O.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ad hoc arbitration in China: Development, legal issues, and future perspectives
Ad hoc arbitration, due to its flexibility and efficiency, is resolving international commercial disputes. However, gaps remain in Chinese arbitration legislation regarding ad hoc arbitration. In recent years, China has made attempts to develop ad hoc arbitration in specific regions, such as pilot free trade zones, gaining relevant experience. Although the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised Draft, 2024) includes provisions on ad hoc arbitration, it still faces challenges, such as ambiguous criteria for validating arbitration agreements and deficiencies in the selection and appointement methods of arbitrators. The study aims to explore the formation and development of ad hoc arbitration in China to identify existing issues in the law’s practical application. Particular emphasis is placed on both theoretical and practical aspects, including the prerequisites, evolution, legal challenges, and prospects for ad hoc arbitration’s development in China. The analysis focuses on how the concept of ad hoc arbitration evolves across different Chinese regulatory instruments. Methodologically, the research combines general and specialized scientific methods, including dialectical, historical, and comparative approaches. The study concludes with proposals to revise the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China by adjusting elements of ad hoc arbitration agreements, introducing an arbitrator information disclosure mechanism, reducing the dependence between arbitrators and arbitral institutions, and incorporating international best practicies-such as provisions from the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. These reforms aim to accelerate the institutionalization of ad hoc in Chinese legislation, enhance the international influence of Chinese arbitral institutions, and provide a more efficient and accessible method for resolving commercial disputes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Du T., Zhao C. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Virtual arbitration and mediation in Rwanda and Republic of South Africa: Challenges, opportunities, and implications for African jurisdictions and international cooperation
Digitalization has become a defining factor in the development of economies and societies in the 21st century, and African counties are no exception. Despite significant challenges - including widespread poverty, limited electricity and internet access, and low incomes - many nations have managed to enhance their investment attractiveness while safeguarding the rights and interests of citizens and businesses. This article examines the regulatory frameworks of the Kigali International Arbitration Center and the Arbitration Foundation of South Africa, focusing on procedural aspects of virtual arbitration and mediation. Particular attention is given to the challenges and opportunities for strengthening international cooperation in alternative dispute resolution in Rwanda and the Republic of South Africa. The study employs comparative analysis to assess the development of virtual arbitration and mediation, as well as causal and systemic analysis to identify the main advantages and disadvantages of integrating innovative technologies into alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Based on dialectical methods, the article proposes directions for further improving digitalization in African countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rusakova E.P., Chernysheva T.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration of international and National Standards in construction contracts: Implementation challenges and legal perspectives
The article investigates the integration of standards from the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) into the legal systems of the United States, China, Russia, India, and the European Union. The topic is increasingly important due to the growing number of cross-border infrastructure projects and the rising demands of international financial institutions. The analysis highlights recent changes in the Russian regulatory framework, including the repeal of several mandatory requirements under the “regulatory guillotine” policy and the establishment of a new register of construction norms, both of which have significantly affected legal enforcement. Special attention is given to terminological discrepancies, such as the translation of the term “Common Data Environment”, and to challenges arising from implementation of international standards across different jurisdictions. The study shows that the United States and China demonstrate substantial flexibility in adapting these standards, while in the European Union, supranational regulation plays a central role. The novelty of the research lies in identifying obstacles and opportunities for harmonizing international and domestic construction standards, aiming to reduce legal conflicts and enhance the competitiveness of Russian companies. The conclusions include recommendations for clearly distinguishing mandatory from recommended construction norms, standardizing legal terminology, and amending legislation to restore the personal liability of technical clients in the Russian Federation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Belkin D.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
International and national legal aspects of standardization in public procurement
The article is devoted to the development of approaches to the legal regulation of standardization in public procurement at both international and national levels. A primary challenge in applying standards in procurement lies in reconciling the requirements established by legal acts of varying authority, as well as addressing questions related to legal force of individual sources. In this context, the author examines key trends in the national implementation of international obligations in the field of standardization, including those arising from the documents of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the European Union (EU), and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The article analyzes in the interaction between interstate and national standardization systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the Russian Federation, where public procurement procedures mandate the use of national standards, despite the voluntary nature of standardization documents enshrined in the EAEU Treaty and standardization legislation. The study also revealed that at the international legal level, priority is given to international and interstate standards to reduce trade barriers. Conversely, national regulation exhibits multidirectional trends, notably the active protection of the domestic market through standardization tools. The article explores legal mechanisms for overcoming technical barriers in standardization, including the prohibition of newly imposed restrictions, mutual recognition of standards and conformity assessment results relative to technical regulations, and coordination of new standards being introduced. Along with state standards, the possibilities of applying private (non-state) standards in public procurement are considered, partially to expand opportunities for purchasing innovative products. The subject of the study is the legal regulation of standardization in public procurement across international and national frameworks. The purpose is to identify patterns and propose ways to improve this legal regulation. The research amploys various methods, including formal logical and comparative legal methods, as well as analysis, synthesis, and legal interpretation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bayrashev V.R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Professor Nikolai A. Vlasenko turns 70: Congratulations on the Jubilee!
Copyright (c) 2025 Syrykh V.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review of the 21st International Congress “Blischenko Readings”
Copyright (c) 2025 Abashidze A.K., Chernykh I.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The right to Sustainable development: Review for the International Scientific Conference of Students and Young Scientists, April 19, 2025
On April 19th, 2025, the annual international scientific conference for students and young scholars on the theme of “Law and Sustainable Development” was held. Organized by the Law Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia in collaboration with its Sochi branch, the event aimed to explore the significance of legal frameworks in promoting sustainable growth and development. The conference featured a conmprehensive scientific program, including a plenary session and multi workshops. The participans had the opportunity to discuss the key obstacles hindering the achievement of sustainable development goals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nikitina V.S., Mgeladze V.Z. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0