No 1 (2016)

The article treats methodical aspects of exposure, systematization and analysis of sources of origin of universal operations of cognition as reflected in the ancient manuscripts and Old Russian language. An exposure and analysis of initially great number of universal operations of cognition are taken into account thus presenting two opposite classes of descending and ascending operations, while each of those classifications is conducted on the grounds of family root, character, sense and origin. For each operation the classification system was elaborated based on word-building, logic of forming of two-digit and three-digit family roots of the Old Russian language.

The article appeals to the formation of mental doubles of pronounced and written units reflected in psyche. This formation is governed by “the inner form of a language as a whole”, according to W. von Humboldt.

The article studies the approved in scientific discourse models of meaning while despite the type of a model proposed, meaning is often based on the relationship between the elements of the Aristotelian semantic triad: those of words to things, words to concepts, concepts to things. This way the theory of the meaning studied by semantics could be respectively combined with reference, knowledge and belief. Thus, meaning analysis is referred to the truth and reference, taxonomic or naïve knowledge, everyday experience, mental representations, prototypes, social stereotypes, individual feelings, etc. The only adequate model be recognized should obviously imply all or almost all of those types of meaning.

One of the most important areas of modern linguistics deals with interrelated texts (supertext). In some cases the specific features of language and texts become particularly obvious when they are viewed against the backdrop of historical materials. The author used the methods of comparative analysis in terms of texts and supertext structures when investigating French medieval Chansons de Geste, one of the world’s greatest epics. The research revealed (showed) that the structures of the epic text and supertext are parallel to each other: the relationship of the episodes in one text is similar to that of the texts making up the supertext. The whole text or its parts may function as praetext, posttext or intercalate at the supertext level. The episodes of an epic text perform similar functions at the level of a separate text. The epic text has the quality of openness, its boundaries are not always clearly defined and it can be easily included in a supertext entity.

The question of a variety of forms of self-presentation in the artistic text is taken up, various elements of this phenomenon are considered on the material of autobiographical stories by L.E. Miller. Scientific novelty consists in original approach to the solution of a question of forms of language self-presentation in modern memoirs literature. The author reveals a new element of self-presentation in autobiographical prose - a children's view of the world, and also allocates four types of this phenomenon. The detailed analysis of the fragments of the text given as an example for each type is presented in article. Use of a children's view of the world as a form of self-presentation helps the writer to open the lines of his personality more deeply, to track ways of their formation. Article is useful to further studying and identification of new forms of self-presentation in an autobiographical discourse.

The article is concerned with the influence of the gender factor on creating the image of a political leader. The 2008 US vice-presidential debate between Sarah Palin and Joseph Biden has been chosen as research material. The scientific value of the article consists in a thorough study of the peculiarities of the politicians’ use of linguistic means and their interpretation in terms of creating a positive image by males and females. The author considers the structure of an image and its components including a few communicative self-presentation microroles, which are thought to be traditional for American political discourse. Besides, the paper analyses the tactics used by the politicians in course of their speech and the images created focusing mainly on the logical and emotional components of the vice-presidential candidates’ addresses. The author arrives at the conclusion that the speech of both candidates corresponds to gender expectations regarding male and female speech behavior. In particular, the female candidate places a greater emphasis on the topic of family and her language is more emotionally expressive whereas the male candidate tends to highlight logic and accuracy and uses a more emotionally neutral speaking style.

The article reveals the role of correspondence in establishing diplomatic relations. It emphasizes the importance of the effect of correspondence on the formation and development of those ones. Experience has shown that if inaccurate and misleading expressions in the correspondence could lead to a worsening of relations between states. However, the correspondence is able to clear up misunderstandings and prevent clashes and war, restore peace and harmony. Therefore, correspondence should be extremely careful and avoid even the slightest mistake. Having considered historically established relationships, one can conclude that correspondence has got a significant impact on the interstate developmentson the whole.

The detection of the concept “German” is a result of the linguistic analysis and work with letters of the Great Patriotic War. The concept analyzed by method of continuous selection. We consider the structure of a concept and its semantics, compare the dictionary and contextual definitions by the contextual analysis of language material. The results received during the analysis of front letters help to describe the concept as difficult semantic structure and make real establishing the reasons of its formation.

Zoometaphors of two typologically nonrelated languages - Russian and Turkish being the object of the investigation, play an important role in the process of cross-cultural communication and are able to cause interferences in mutual understanding In course of comparison, it has been revealed that senses of some zoocharacteristics can differ greatly despite the fact of coincidence of extralinguistic basis of zoomorphisms. The article has treated the cases of non-coincidence of metaphors analyzed on the plane of nomination, in onomasiologic and semasiologic aspects, involving cognitive point of view as well as the viewpoint of ethnopsycholinguistics. Comparative analysis of language material of nonrelated languages and cultures allows come to a conclusion on the existence of both universal and specific features of zoomorphisms which represent the background of zoomorphic metaphors. The word stock of each language used by native speakers in cross-cultural communication reflects national language usage, peculiarities of its material and spiritual culture, while the results of this reflection reveal themselves in such linguocognitive phenomenon as methaphor which makes an important part in ensuring dialogue of cultures.

The purpose of this article is to define the lexical and semantic meaning of common and special slang through practical and theoretical knowledge. In the research process the author has used an extensive scientific literature of domestic and foreign linguists to reveal fully the content and origin of the above concepts. In the article we applied methods of theoretical level, namely abstraction technique representing the cognitive process by which it is obtained a distraction from nonessential properties belonging to general and special slang in order to highlight their most important and regular features; method of generalization by which we establish the general properties and characteristics inherent in general slang and speech formations being an integral part of special slang; historic method contributing to construction of a scientific theory in which the concepts belonging to special slang are considered in chronological succession; hypothetical technique revealing a probable origin of social variants of special slang. Methods of empirical (practical) level: comparison by which it becomes possible to establish the correlation between vocabulary of general slang and vocabulary of special slang, as well as to identify the difference between them; experiment aimed at reproducing examples of general and special slang. The main results of this research lie in the fact that we were able to interprete the concepts explaining the content of general and special slang comprising speech formations including words of strictly specialized social - professional orientation. We made own division of lexical layers of Substandard English uniting words of general and special slang as well as revealed the universal character of general slang, its ability to penetrate not only from one to another lexical layer, but in a completely different, unfamiliar earlier language “area” with a similar sign system. In addition, we were able to reveal the mutual correlation between the general and special lexicon, as the part of general slang is relatively short - lived, and eventually forced out of the language due to the penetration of new words inherent in the particular social, professional or underclass people.

The monograph is a collective and unified understanding of the style of the Russian writer-classic. In the monograph all the articles of authors grouped by personal principle. In the work of each researcher presents the conceptual framework and the structure of the Dictionary language of Dostoyevsky, the Word of Dostoevsky and Dostoevsky's poetics, combined in one book.