Functional Features of Verbs of Interpersonal Relations in Russian and Chinese Languages

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Introduction

Language is understood as an instrument and means of communication. It’s a sign system of means and rules of speech which is common to all members of a certain society. In the opinion of N.N. Boldyrev, “language-speech representing an ontologically single object possesses structural and functional continuity; a meaning of a word is represented within a language system and in speech promotes a corresponding concept making the base to form various functional senses existing only in the frames of certain contexts” [1. P. 197].

The notion of function is one of the principle linguistic background features. Language is thought to be a certain system of means of expression and possesses a set of proper functions, i.e., language serves to realize some definite goals, and those ideas are reflected in the work of Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague (1929) [2. P. 486]. The idea of linguistic function is also described in the work by a German linguist K. Bühler The Theory of Language: The Representational Function of Language (Sprachtheorie) (1934). For the further elaboration of the theory of linguistic functions K. Bühler paid attention to the multifunctional character of language while distinguishing the function of expression, the function of addressing and the function of passing a message, or the communicative function [2. P. 486]. Three types of utterances correlate with those three functions — declarative, exclamatory and imperative utterances.

An essential feature of the development of modern linguistics is its transformation from studying the language form to studying its functions and the laws of their use.

The notion of “function” as a separate entity of language and the functionaland-semantic field theory are the basic functional grammar terms [3. P. 343]. The theoretical and methodological background of the present study make the works of Russian and Chinese linguists in the spheres of lexicology and functional grammar studies: A.V. Bondarko, V.N. Denisenko, L.M. Vasiliyev, L.G. Babenko, E.V. Kuznetsova, Lu Shuxiang, Zhang Huisen, et al. [4–8].

Studies on functional semantic fields and functional grammars compose an important sphere, which the Russian linguist A.V. Bondarko had been developing for many years. Proceeding from the theory of functional grammar, he had primarily elaborated the complex analysis of the functional-and-semantic fields. Among the put forward principles of the analysis he specifies the so-called “shuttle descriptive principle”, which preset the means direction being “not only from functions and meanings towards their formal expression, but, as well, from the means of expression to their functions and meanings” [4. P. 8].

The main functional-and-semantic approach to study functional-and-semantic fields is grouping grammatical and lexical units according to some certain semantic categories possessing common features. In the opinion of V.N. Denisenko, “it is indeed the functional approach to meanings which allows demonstrate not just a deeper insight of the nature of the category’s paradigmatics or show the interior integral interdependence of the general semantics of classes and their units, but also make more vivid and regularly functioning of the use of those units” [5. P. 92].

The description and study of the categories of verbs are playing an important role in forming and developing functional researches.

In Russian and foreign linguistic research the key position belongs to topics on the verbs because in many studies of the Russian parts of speech involving the lexical system, the verb has got the leading role overtaking other word classes both due to the richness and depth of its content, the lexical meaning and the variety of forms and grammatical categories [9. P. 414]. The work “Verbal categories in the system of functional grammar” by A.V. Bondarko contains the most detailed description of the most essential verbal categories in Russian and components of the verbal lexical and syntactical environment. He promoted the unified functional semantics pertaining both — lexis and grammar. The study and description of functional peculiarities of verbs seems essential for the linguistic theory and as well, for the practice of teaching languages in foreign auditorium.

In general, the multiplicity of lexical-and-semantic classifications of verb classes is determined by the unique verbal semantics. According to A.A. Ufimtseva, semantics of a verb as a word, does reflect real minimal pieces of the reality which approximate elementary events and situations, but more often the phenomena denoted by a verb differently to a noun, make a complex feature. The verb, being the most complex and significant part of speech, reflects not just separate phenomena, but the kind of phenomena-situations, phenomena-relations, actions-relations [10. P. 111].

On the whole the interpersonal relations are understood as a total of interconnections of a man with people around him in various spheres of activity. They are based on social links resulting from a certain interaction. The existence of a society is impossible without interpersonal relations as it’s a crucial constituent of our life. The background of interpersonal relations is communication — a human need being a social rational being, a bearer of conscience.

At present, in the academic literature the question on how to classify the verbs of relations and what verbs belong to the lexical and semantic group of interpersonal relations is still relevant and argumentative. The meanings of the majority of Russian verbs under the study combine two types of categoriсal semes: ‘relation’ and ‘feeling’, e.g., the Russian verb восхищаться (‘admire’). In Chinese, the hieroglyphs 生气 ‘shēng qì’ also have a complex semantics, and each of its semes could cause different meanings while forming different lexicaland semantic groups. For example, 生气 ‘shēng qì’ could denote ‘сердить/ рассердить’ ‘make angry’ and ‘жизненная сила’ ‘life strength’. Thus the verbs under the study could be distributed into different lexical-and-semantic groups both in Russian and Chinese depending on the seme considered to be the basic one [11. P. 1].

In the system of the Russian language the group of verbs denoting interpersonal relations consists of the three different semantic groups [12. P. 593–606]: the verbs of emotionally-evaluative relation which could denote both — positive: уважать‘respect’, ладить ‘get along’ and negative relation: конфликтовать ‘conflict’, попрекать ‘reproach’; the verbs of outer, exterior relation which could be expressed by means of mimics as well: улыбаться ‘smile’, хмуриться ‘frown’, or speech: оскорблять ‘insult’, or gestures: приветствовать ‘salute’, брезговать ‘loath’, or action: аплодировать ‘applaud’, обнять ‘embrace’, or behavior нежить ‘caress’, свирепствовать ‘be in a rage’; the verbs of contact: знакомиться ‘make acquaintance’, торговаться ‘bargain’, роднить ‘appease’ etc.

In the article we’re going to discuss the verbs collected by means of continuous sampling method and belonging to the three already mentioned above semantic groups.

The specifics of the realization of expressing interpersonal relations in line with the system  of functions in the Russian and Chinese languages

In modern Russian and Chinese the verbs of interpersonal relations are widely used in ever functional speech style. The functional speech style is represented as a conscious variety of speech means characterized by speech systemicity and fulfilling a certain function in communication and activity (e.g., science, politics, art, law, religion, etc.).

The theory of linguistic functions was laid as a base of various linguistic constructions. In understanding stylistic theory Acad. V.V. Vinogradov proceeded from various functions of language. Depending on the target and environment of communication there are classified five main speech styles: “journalistic (publicistic) style, artistic or literary fiction style, conversational style, academic style and official style”^[1] [13; 14]. The description of stylistic specifics and peculiarities of the verbs of interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese wouldn’t be sufficient or complete “if not to disclose their functional origins, not to show those really existing in language ‘mechanisms’, which determine the origins and form the background of their real existence in language” [2. P. 372].

1. Journalistic style maintain a vast domain of social relations, e.g., political, economic, cultural, sportive, and so on. It’s also called ‘the style of mass media’, the style of newspapers, journals and magazines, radio and TV broadcast, etc. Its main function is the influential function. And the verbs of interpersonal communication are widely used, e.g.:

1)    in Russian:
Фактически нынешняя Польша превращается в государство времен Ю. Пилсудского, когда Варшава конфликтовала со всеми соседями и жаждала территориальной экспансии (Новости первого канала, 23.04.2023). The verb конфликтовала ‘conflicted with’. Source: News of Channel 1, 20.05.2023.
Мы решительно осуждаем боевые действия в Судане. Они угрожают безопасности мирных граждан, подрывают усилия по демократическому переходу в Судане и могут повлиять на стабильность в регионе (РИА Новости, 20.05.2023). The verb осуждаем ‘blame’, ‘denounce’. Source: RIA News, 20.05.2023.

In the above mentioned sentences the verbs denoting emotional-evaluative relations are used in their direct lexical meanings.

In some constructions verbs with prefixes are used, e.g.: сдружиться, задружиться and others. E.g., За время боевого слаживания они сдружились друг с другом и знают, на что способны, и что надеются скоро вернуться домой (РИА Новости, 07.11.2022). The verb сдружились ‘made friends’. Source: RIA News, 07.11.2022.

Special attention is drawn to the sentence in which there are simultaneously used the verbs expressing both — negative and positive emotional-evaluative relations. In one context there are often used antonyms, for example: Еще год назад толстосумы таких презирали, а теперь благоговеют (Комсомольская правда, 24.12.2009). The verbs: презирали ‘despise’ and благоговеют ‘adore’, ‘worship’. Source: Komsomol’skaya Pravda, 24.12.2009.

2)    In Chinese:
无论国际风云如何变幻，中国与中亚各国始终相互尊重、睦邻友好、同舟 共济、互利共赢 [wú lùn guó jì fēng yún rú hé biàn huàn, zhōng guó yǔ zhōng yà gè guó shǐ zhōng xiàng hù zūn zhòng, mù lín yǒu hǎo, tóng zhōu gòng jì, hù lì gòng yíng] lit.: ‘Never mind changing international situation, China and Central Asian countries used always pay respect to one another, conserve good neighborhood relations, sail in one boat and abide mutual profits and mutual victory’ (Xinhua News, 19.05.2023); The verb: 尊重 ‘pay respect’. Source: Xinhua News, 19.05.2023.

As is known, love and hatred cause different and opposite emotions of every man, and sometimes they could be felt at once. In Chinese, in journalistic style this idea is also confirmed by the context: 但正如科比所说：在你恨我的同时，也有很多人爱我，而他们的原因也是一样的 [dàn zhèng rú kē bǐ suǒ shuō: zài nǐ hèn wǒ de tóng shí, yě yǒu hěn duō rén ài wǒ, ér tā men de yuán yīn yě shì yī yàng de] lit.: ‘But, as Kobi said, while you hate me, there are many people who love me on the same basis’. The verbs: 恨 ‘hate’ and 爱 ‘love’.

It’s also worth mentioning that a number of words expressing positive values in the journalistic style are often used as the verbs of interpersonal relations.

In Chinese, the verb as a part of speech denotes action or condition of an object, and also the target of action or the way, the manner of it [15. P. 708]. Sometimes a verb indicates a relative feature of an object [16. P. 92]. “Signifying the action or the condition of an object, a verb used to realize the function of a predicate. Signifying the action target or a manner of action, it plays the role of a circumstance. Indicating a relative feature of an object a verb fulfils the attributive function. In a few single cases a verb might function as a subject of a sentence” [16. P. 49].

In modern Chinese one can rather often observe the situation when a verb used in non-typical syntactic position for it, could realize the function either of a subject or a complement. For instance: 这等待是相当痛苦的 [zhè děng dài shì xiàng dāng tòng kǔ de] ‘Это ожидание было довольно мучительным’. The verb: 等待 ‘ожидание’/‘waiting’.

The given phenomenon could cause difficulties in translation or use in speech. It also takes place in the group of verbs of interpersonal relations, e.g., 尊老爱幼是中华民族的传统美德 [zūn lǎo ài yòu shì zhōng huá mín zú de chuán tǒng měi dé] ‘Уважение к пожилым и забота о младенцах — традиционная добродетель китайской нации’. The verbs: 尊 ‘уважение’/‘respect’ and 爱 ‘забота’/‘care’. Here the Chinese verbs 尊 ‘уважать’ and 爱 ‘заботиться’ are the subjects. So, Chinese verb could function as a subject or complement, and at this, it doesn’t acquire formal features of a noun, and consequently, conserves the former categorial qualification.

To compare with other languages, Chinese verb is characterized as an element of language which could lose its predicative meaning while it’s the predicativity to form the verb as the main part of speech.

2. Artistic style represents the style of literary fiction and art, and its main function means to influence appealing to an artistic or fiction image. It’s used to convey artistic and fiction images and phenomena, to create a certain spirit of some reader’s emotional attitude or feeling. Literary fiction text makes the material for the studies. Indeed, the discussed group of verbs is most often used in the artistic style works; their functions are rather various. An author has to express emotional attitudes among the characters of a text. On the one hand, it gives the opportunity to present the rules and regularities of a linguistic system functioning, and on the other hand, to reveal the peculiarities of author’s individual expression of interpersonal relations. For instance:

1) in Russian:

Этот Оливьер, как рассказывал мне отец, презирал русских за невежество и глумился над ними жестоко (А.П. Чехов, Соседи, 1892). The verb: глумился ‘mocked’.

Я имел самые странные понятия о красоте… поэтому каждый намек на мою наружность больно оскорблял меня (Л.Н. Толстой, Детство, 1852). The verb: оскорблял ‘insulted’.

The use of adverbs in some structures of fiction texts could also point out such peculiarities of relations as multifold repetitions, continuity, duration and longevity [10. P. 112–113]. In thus study we are considering the following use of adverbs:

1. The use of the adverb давно ‘long time ago’ which could give evidence of the duration of relations, e.g., Он так давно влюблен, и мне его очень жаль (Л.Н. Толстой, Анна Каренина, 1878); — Ах, я давно так не смеялась! — сказала Варенька, собирая зонтик и мешочек (Там же). The adverb and predicate: давно влюблен ‘long time in love’; давно… не смеялась ‘didn’t laugh so long.
2. The use of the adverb никогда ‘never’, which correlates with the negative verbal form, e.g., Я тебя никогда так не любила, Ваня (Ф.М. Достоевский, Униженные и оскорбленные, 1861); The collocation: никогда … не любила ‘have never loved’ — no negative verbal form in English!
3. The use of adverb не раз ‘not once’ indicating the repetition of relations,e.g.: Хотя и знала, что старик их подозревает в ней и даже не раз попрекал ее косвенным образом (Там же). The collocation: не раз попрекал ‘not once reproached’.

1. The degree of the intensity of feelings could be demonstrated by the use of a predicate’s amplifiers, e.g., the use of the adverb очень ‘very’, meaning ‘at the great, significant degree’. For example: Лиза очень любила ее, открывала ей все свои тайны (А.С. Пушкин, Барышня-крестьянка, 1830). The collocation: очень любила ‘loved very much’.
2. The use of the adverb страшно ‘very much horrifying’, ‘greatly’, ‘extremely’ meaning ‘the significantly intensive revelation’ E.g., Он был как убитый; Нелли страшно оскорбила его; все поднялось, во мне (Ф.М. Достоевский, Униженные и оскорбленные, 1861). The collocation страшно оскорбила ‘greatly insulted’.
3. The adverb так ‘so’, ‘so much’ also denotes the degree of a feature. For example: Должно быть, это вышло ужасно глупо, и потому-то, вероятно, Наташа так странно улыбнулась тогда моему восторгу (Там же). The collocation: так … улыбнулась ‘smiled so…’.

2) in Chinese:

但她渴望这件婚事成功，特别是要使自己定心，就更相信女儿的话了 [dàn tā kě wàng zhè jiàn hūn shì chéng gōng, tè bié shì yào shǐ zì jǐ dìng xīn, jiù gèng xiàng xìn nǚ ér de huà le] ‘However, she didn’t want so much this marriage, and moreover, the comforting feeling of her worries’, so that she believed it’. The verb: 相信 ‘believed’.

我嘲笑世界上的一切，特别是感情。这使她感到害怕 [wǒ cháo xiào shì jiè shàng de yī qiē, tè bié shì gǎn qíng. zhè shǐ tā gǎn dào hài pà] ‘I laugh at everything in the world especially at the feelings: and it starts to frighten her’. The verb: 嘲笑 ‘laugh’.

Emphasizing the peculiarities of relations by means of adverbs is characteristic in Chinese as well. In following sentence the adverb никогда ‘never’ in combination with the negative verbal form is expressed like that: как 啊，我不认识他，从来不曾遇见他，岂不更好 [ā, wǒ bú rèn shí tā, cóng lái bú céng yù jiàn tā, qǐ bú gèng hǎo] ‘Oh, it’d be much better if I had never met him’/‘Ох, лучше б я не знала, не встречала б его никогда’; and the adverb очень ‘very’, ‘very much’: 老两口十分相爱 [lǎo liǎng kǒu shí fèn xiàng ài] ‘Старики очень любили друг друга’/‘The old ones loved each other very much’.

The examples given above are taken from fiction works and give evidence that the functioning of the verbs under consideration reflects both general linguistic regularities and the author’s peculiarities to depict characters and convey the content of the story, and create the large range of relations among the people.

3. For the conversational speech style the informal communication is rather typical, when the author shares his thoughts and feelings with the people around him, exchanges the information on everyday topics in the informal circumstances^[2]. Here the main function becomes the communicative function. In the spoken speech style there are used simple words, verbal expression of emotions, every day or substandard lexis. One of the typical features of the spoken speech style is emotional expressiveness which involves that in course of communication, communicants use gestures and mimics, and intonation which make clear and understandable the mood of the narrator; there are inserted pauses or the accent is put on specific phrases. For example:

1)    in Russian:

Эх, ты… тихая моя! [Елена]. При мне — не любезничать ‘not to be polite)!

Ведь ты насмешничаешь ‘mock’ ‘make fun’, над докторами (Антонов).

И Брюсов весьма любопытничал ‘be curious’. «Весь тот период густо окрашен мне Мережковскими; куда ни придешь», — говорят о них; в лаборатории говорим о них.

It’s worth mentioning that such verbs, which denote the amiability towards oneself like приворожить ‘bewitch’ figuratively meaning ‘очаровав, привлечь к себе, обворожить’ ‘having charmed, to attract, to enchant’ are characteristic for the spoken speech style/ Here comes an example: ‘Она его приворожила’/ ‘She has bewitched him’.

          1)    In Chinese:

卡佳，我和你父亲最近这段时间相处得不太融洽，这也难免 [kǎ jiā, wǒ hé nǐ fù qīn zuì jìn zhè duàn shí jiān xiàng chù dé bú tài róng qià, zhè yě nán miǎn] ‘Катя, мы с твоим отцом в последнее время не ладили, бывает’/ ‘Katya, we didn’t use to be on good terms with you father’ during the latest time.

In Chinese, the figurative meaning of the verb приворожить ‘bewitch’ is expressed like that: 她怎么会把他迷到这个地步？ [tā zěn me huì bǎ tā mí dào zhè gè dì bù] ‘Чем она его так приворожила?’ / ‘How has she bewitched him?’.

Such verbs as брезговать ‘loath’, любезничать ‘flirt’, переглядываться ‘exchange glances’, торговаться ‘bargain’, привораживать ‘bewitch’ do function in the everyday speech style, e.g. 我知道你们这些外地人喜欢讲价，但这我可不擅长 [wǒ zhī dào nǐ men zhè xiē wài dì rén xǐ huān jiǎng jià, dàn zhè wǒ kě bú shàn zhǎng] ‘Я знаю, вы, чужаки, любите торговаться, но это не мой конек’/ ‘I know, you, men like to bargain, but it’s not my hot short’.

好吧，我们可以接受，对吧？他四下看了看 [hǎo ba, wǒ men kě yǐ jiē shòu, duì ba? tā sì xià kàn le kàn] ‘Хорошо. Нас ведь это устраивает? Он переглядывается со своими друзьями’/ ‘OK. Would it suit us? He is exchanging glances with his friends’.

4. Official speech style presents a functional variety of modern literary language to serve in the spheres of law, power, administration, trade inside the country and on the international arena. For instance:

1) In Russian:

Опекуны и попечители несовершеннолетних должны заботиться ‘have to take care’ об их обучении и воспитании.

In the conversational style there is often used a construction to express primarily the meaning of the “obligatory must”: a word with this meaning (следует, надлежит, обязуется, должны, обязаны) — all those mean ‘must’, ‘have to’, ‘should’ depending on the context, + a verb of interpersonal relations. For example: Опекуны и попечители обязаны заботиться ‘should have to take care’ о содержании своих подопечных, об обеспечении их уходом и лечением, защищать их права и интересы.

2) In Chinese:

万一涉及您和您的亲人的欺诈行为，执法人员请求您立即与最近的警察部门联系或致电：02 [wàn yī shè jí nín hé nín de qīn rén de qī zhà háng wéi, zhí fǎ rén yuán qǐng qiú nín lì jí yǔ zuì jìn de jǐng chá bù mén lián xì huò zhì diàn] ‘Правоохранители просят в случае совершения в отношении вас и или ваших близких мошеннических действий незамедлительно обращаться в или по телефону: 02’ / ‘Law enforcement structures ask you must immediately turn to the nearest police station personally or by phone 02’, in case there were made fraud actions against you or your relatives.

It’s necessary to remark that the Chinese official speech style abandons with linguistic formulas containing lexical means typical for official speech [18. P. 40], e.g.: 对贵方热情的款待表示感谢 [duì guì fāng rè qíng de kuǎn dài biǎo shì gǎn xiè] ‘Thank you for the warm reception’ / ‘Благодарим за теплый прием’.

5. Academic style functions in the academic sphere of communication and speech activity; it reflects theoretical thinking in the notional-and-logic form. The message-sending function is the main one here. In the academic style, Russian and Chinese verbs of interpersonal relations are functioning as following:

1) In Russian:

Отношения личности к другим являются, в сущности, взаимоотношениями, …люди определенным образом относятся ‘relate’ друг к другу;

Педагог обязан быть строгим и требовательным, не должен проявлять ‘reveal’ личных отношений… в присутствии других воспитанников или иных посторонних.

In this style the use of the verbs of interpersonal relations is usually revealed in the frames of a syntactic structure with the following verbs, e.g.: быть ‘be’, являться ‘appear’, казаться ‘seem’, считаться ‘take into account’, обладать ‘possess’, отличаться ‘differ’, иметь ‘have’.

2) In Chinese:

溺爱综合症是指家长对儿童过于娇生惯养和溺爱，以致儿童在成长过程中产生一系列行为、品行和习惯方面的问题 [nì ài zōng hé zhèng shì zhǐ jiā zhǎng duì ér tóng guò yú jiāo shēng guàn yǎng hé nì ài, yǐ zhì ér tóng zài chéng zhǎng guò chéng zhōng chǎn shēng yī xì liè háng wéi, pǐn háng hé xí guàn fāng miàn de wèn tí] ‘Баловство — это ситуация, при которой родители балуют своих детей, что в процессе взросления приводит к большим проблемам с поведением, характером и привычками’ / ‘Desipience is the situation when the parents spoil their children, and it causes big problems in course of maturing concerning the character and habits’.

In Chinese, a specific feature of the academic style is a simplification trend expressed be means of specific syntax and text structure. “Simplification is inherited in academic texts because it has to contain maximum of information implied in the minimal volume” [19], as is used in the example given above: …是 [shi] …, 以致 [yizhi]… ‘что является…, что приводит к тому, что…/в результате чего…/’ ‘what appears … what leads to/what results in…’.

It’s worth mentioning that using in the academic style of the verbs of interpersonal relations is characterized in both languages under the study with vivid logic, exactness and proof in comparison to other styles.

Conclusions

Main conclusions of the given study demonstrate that the verbs of interpersonal relations are frequently used in both languages and mainly reveal direct meanings. It is proved that in some singular usages a Chinese verb could fulfil the function of a subject which is due to the specifics of syntactic structures of the Chinese language.

We’d remark that under certain conditions when there takes place a semantic transformation of the verbs used in a certain context there are possible changes in meanings of some verbs that should be taken into consideration while to distribute the verbs among various lexical-and- semantic groups.

The results of the undertaken study confirm the hypothesis of incomplete correlation of functional peculiarities of the verbs of interpersonal relations in both languages — Russian and Chinese. In addition, it’s necessary to mention that the singularly functional approach to describe the given group of verbs allows reveal the main specifics of these units in both languages under the study, and the comparative aspect of analysis makes it possible to put forward prognosis on the possible range of difficulties in translation and studying languages as the foreign ones.

 

_{¹ Dictionary of literary terms. URL: https://rus-literary-criticism.slovaronline.com/406-функциональные%20стили%20речи?ysclid=lhymfaq42x488980138 (accessed: 22.05.2023).}

_{² Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language. URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ ruwiki/1114967 (accessed: 20.05.2023).}

About the authors

Xiuyu Li

RUDN University

Email: lixiuyu0525@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-8283-534X
SPIN-code: 8715-5942

PhD student of the General and Russian Linguistics Department, Philological Faculty

6, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117198

Vladimir N. Denisenko

RUDN University

Email: denisenko-vn@rudn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6021-4068
SPIN-code: 4635-8342
Scopus Author ID: 57193133860
ResearcherId: AAG-9635-2020

Dr.Sc. in Philology, Professor, Head of the of the General and Russian Linguistics Department

6, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117198

Aksinia A. Malenkova

RUDN University

Author for correspondence.
Email: malenkova-aa@rudn.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7371-0404
SPIN-code: 3490-4963

Ph.D. in Philology, Senior Lecturer at the Foreign languages department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

6, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117198

References