Vol 9, No 1 (2017)

For the period of the Roman Republic of agrimensura has come a long way from the simplest forms of dividing land to developed systems of surveying. The first type of survey was arcifinius - limitation of relief; it was intended for allocation of land plots Ager Publicus. Private lands were divided first on simple stripes (lacinae) or pieces (praecisura), evolving to a rectangular shape. In the III century BC in Italy has spread the system of surveying scaminace-stargaze (scamnatio-strigatio), dividing the field into large rectangles, which were allocated small plots. From the II century BC spread the division of land in straight lines -limits (limitatio). Arable land passed to the property, clearly differed from the fragments of the Ager Publicus, designed as arcifinius, which was provided rent under the ground. Feature of Roman agrimensura has become a fixture of all types of land allocation to a particular legal position.

The author reveals the basic provisions of the ideology of the “Third Position” in the Indonesian political leadership model. By the end of the 50’s Sukarno completed the formation of the doctrine of the “Third Position “. Analyzing the current political model, Sukarno appealed to the identity, rejecting capitalism that generates colonialism and fascism. He rejected, first of all, the very psychological foundation of liberal capitalism - individualism, the guiding to the competition and struggle, and therefore unacceptable to Indonesia concept of “Third Position”. Sukarno meant building a socio-economic model of traditional, patriarchal and egalitarian society based on the principle of community solidarity and mutual assistance. The main element of the social model, according to Sukarno thought, was the family as the center of solidarity, led by the patriarch, the head of the family. The principle of family has been moved Sukarno all Indonesian society. Sukarno himself became father of the nation, to decide for all, in the name of all. The thesis of this period “The main thing in our democracy is a governance ‘’

The article is dedicated to the repatriation problems of Spanish emigration representatives who found themselves in the USSR during and after the Civil war (1936-1939) that had done with the Second Republic defeat. The paper addresses the outstanding features of the adaptational processes primarily related with economic and legal aspects of the “soviet Spaniards” repatriation. The author sees fit to mark among them the problems of citizenship, housing law, employment and pension provision in view of repatriates age at different stages of their return to Spain. This paper concentrates not only on concrete actions realized by national government and local authorities but also on projects came from the repatriates themselves, many of which were really implemented by Spanish officials. Also left is to the reader a short structural composition of the Spanish emigration to the USSR and periodization of repatriation process with an indication of every stage distinctive features.

In the article the authors show the relationship between the ideology of Islamic reformism of the era of the Arab Renaissance (an-Nahda) and the organization “Muslim brotherhood”. To achieve this goal considered the views of the most representative authors of the period of Nahda: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abdu and Rashid Rida. To analyse the concept of “Muslim Brothers” were involved in the texts of one of the most important ideologues of the movement of Sayyid Qutb. As comparative material used Internet resources, analysis of which shows that the “Muslim brotherhood” in modern political rhetoric has largely moved away from radical views of S. Qutb. At the same time, it should be noted that the views of S. Qutb, had a significant influence on the formation of ideologies of other Islamic organizations, including terroristic organizations. In general, the ideology of the movement “Muslim brotherhood” is currently continuing on the path of Muslim reformism, but she continues to adjust to time under the influence of necessity.

In the present work, the possible approaches of China’s Islam radicalization issues of Western and Chinese scholars were studied. In order to accomplish this goal, monographs and scientific articles in Chinese and English were analyzed. The works of several researchers and specialists in Islamic studies in China and Sino-Arab relations rom Great Britain, USA, Israel, Singapore and China are examined i.e. Michael Dillon (Lancaster University), Dru Gladney (Pomona Colledge), Raphael Israeli (Hebrew University), Rohan Gunaratna (Nanyang University), Li Weijiang (Shanghai University of international relations), Zhu Weilie (China’s association of Middle Eastern studies), Tang Baocai (China’s center of Islamic studies) etc. Based on identifying similarities and differences in viewpoints of the studied scholars, it was stated that Western researchers consider this issue as a response to violations of human rights and religious freedom by the government, while Chinese ones define it as a result of external influence and impact of international radical Islamic organizations, affiliated with local extremist groups.

Torguts were a part of four-part Oirat Union (West Mongolians). For the first time they were mentioned in connection with the organization of the empire of Genghis Khan as his personal guard (turhaut-keshigten), and information about them are kept in the sources for the history of the different Asian countries. The guard was composed by the representatives of different nationalities, but it’s basis, apparently, was of Kerayit people, who were Nestorians. According to European medieval legend, with Wang Khan, the head of Kerayits, was related the existence of the East Christian kingdom of Prester John. Turhaut-keshigtens, who lived in East Turkestan, for two or three centuries, ie by the middle of the XV century, formed a Torguts ethnicity from the military class, and then entered into the composition of Oirats. Their further ethnic and religious history has been linked to the events that took place on the vast territory from the Caspian Sea to Mongolia and Tibet. Torguts have created, with the complicity of other Oirat tribes, the Kalmyk Khanate in Russia; they were the influential players in the historical development of Tibetan Buddhism, and their heads received the title of “Khan” from Dalai Lama. The development of events, evidently favorable to Torguts and other Oirats at the first years of the XVIII century, at the second half of the same century resulted in the disappearance of their khanates, the significant casualties, the elimination of political and other independence.

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