Sociological interpretation and an attempt at interdisciplinary study of artificial sociality and artificial intelligence

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The article considers the main participants of artificial sociality (people and artificial intelligence tools) and communication between them. The study is predominantly sociological but includes an attempt to address the mathematical-technological aspects of artificial intelligence as creating a new social reality for human society - artificial sociality. In the first part of the article, the authors analyze communication as the basis of sociality, using the methodology of N. Luhmann. The second part shows how mathematical technologies of artificial intelligence became social technologies in the framework of artificial sociality. The third part describes experimental communication between people and artificial intelligence tools on the example of ChatGPT. The authors conducted a sociological survey of students at the Daugavpils University (January 2024, N = 423, excluding IT students) to identify typological groups in relation to the use of artificial intelligence in education. Three “ideal types” of students were identified: “optimistic users” (18 %), “neutral testers” (17 %) and “skeptic avoiders” (10 %), and a mixed group of “testers-optimists” (31 %) - the largest group of respondents with a positive attitude towards artificial intelligence but without sufficient experience of interaction with it. According to the authors’ empirical data, there is a stratification among students in relation to artificial intelligence tools and their use in learning, which may lead to segmentation of the higher education in the future (in terms of training formats, its participants, organization of the educational process and perhaps the results of learning). The demand for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of artificial intelligence will increase, since it is interdisciplinary in nature, and no single science will be able to make a breakthrough.

About the authors

V. Menshikov

Daugavpils University

Author for correspondence.
Email: vladimirs.mensikovs@du.lv
Vienibas St., 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia

V. Komarova

Daugavpils University

Email: vera.komarova@du.lv
Vienibas St., 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia

I. Bolakova

Daugavpils University

Email: ieva.bolakova@du.lv
Vienibas St., 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia

A. Ruza

Daugavpils University

Email: aleksejs.ruza@du.lv
Vienibas St., 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia

O. Ruza

Daugavpils University

Email: oksana.ruza@du.lv
Vienibas St., 13, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia

References

  1. Baltic Voice: Nachalos’? Ilon Mask prizval khotia bi na polgoda ostanovit obuchenie nejrosetej [The beginning? Elon Musk called for stopping the training of neural networks for at least six months]. 29.03.2023. URL: https://bb.lv/statja/tehno/2023/03/29/nachalos-ilon-maskprizval-hotya-by-na-polgoda-ostanovit-obuchenie-neyrosetey?utm_source=read_also_in_article&utm_medium=insite&utm_campaign=bb.lv. (In Russ.).
  2. Baltic Voice: Italiia priostanovila dostup k ChatGPT iz-za problem s zashchitoj dannyh [Italy suspends access to ChatGPT due to the data protection issues]. 31.03.2023. URL: https://bb.lv/ statja/tehno/2023/03/31/italiya-priostanovila-dostup-k-chatgpt-iz-za-problem-s-zashchitoydannyh?utm_source=inbox&utm_medium=mainpage&utm_campaign=Links-in-partnersites. (In Russ.).
  3. Baumeister А. Miroporyadok na perelome: raskol uglublyaetsya [World order at the turning point: The split deepens]. 2023. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gtafy_-b0Do. (In Russ.).
  4. Baumeister А., Gurevich М., Medvedev S. Zamenit li chat-bot chelovechesky razum? [Will the chatbot replace the human mind?]. 2023. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ SvHc9JwNF8. (In Russ.).
  5. Voronov V.V. Malye goroda Latvii: neravenstvo v regionalnom i gorodslom razvitii [Small towns of Latvia: Disparities in regional and urban development]. Baltic Region. 2022; 14 (4). (In Russ.).
  6. GPT-3, Tomas I., Van Zh. Chto delaet nas lyudmi? Iskusstvenny intellekt otvechaet na velichajshie voprosy chelovechestva [What Makes Us Human? Artificial Intelligence Answers the Humanity’s Greatest Questions]. Moscow; 2023. (In Russ.).
  7. Dushkin R.V. II i mezhdistsiplinarnye issledovaniya [AI and interdisciplinary research]. 2023. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcuYzzKKbRQ. (In Russ.).
  8. Dushkin R.V. Iskusstvenny intellekt [Artificial Intelligence]. DMK Press; 2019. (In Russ.).
  9. Zemnukhova L., Glazkov K., Logunova O., Maksimova A., Rudenko N., Sivkov D. Prikliucheniya tekhnologii: bariery tsifrovizatsii v Rossii [Adventures of Technology: Barriers to Digitalization in Russia]. Moscow–Saint-Peterburg; 2020. (In Russ.).
  10. Kuda katitsya mir: Chto s nami delaet ChatGPT ili kak iskusstvenny intellekt menyaet nashu zhizn [What ChatGPT Does to Us or How Artificial Intelligence Changes Our Lives]. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pXZmKKGG9x0. (In Russ.).
  11. Lebedev M. Interfeis mozg-kompiyuter, realnost i fantazii [Brain-computer interface, reality and fantasy]. 2022. URL: https://sk.ru/news/interfejs-mozg-kompyuter-realnost-i-fantazii/. (In Russ.).
  12. Lotman Yu.M. Mozg–tekst–kultura–iskusstvenny intellekt. Protivodejstvie entropii [Braintext-culture-artificial intelligence. Counter enthropy]. 1992. URL: http://www.etheroneph. com/cybernetics/114-mozg-tekst-kultura-iskusstvennyj-intellekt.html. (In Russ.).
  13. Menshikov V. Sotsiologi o meniaiushchejsia sotsialnosti [Sociologists about the changing sociality]. Social Sciences Bulletin. 2020; 31 (2). (In Russ.).
  14. Menshikov V., Komarova V. Kommunikatsiya cheloveka i tekhnologii iskusstvennogo intellekta kak osnova iskusstvennoj sotsialnosti: na primere kommunikatsii s ChatGPT [Communication of the human and technology with artificial intelligence as the basis of artificial sociality: A case of communication with ChatGPT]. Social Sciences Bulletin. 2023; 36 (1). (In Russ.).
  15. Nimensky A.V., Gerasimov A.D. Antinomii tsifrovizatsii i vizualizatsii v sovremennoj massovoj kulture [Antinomies of digitalization and visualization in the contemporary mass culture]. RUDN Journal of Sociology. 2023; 23 (4). (In Russ.).
  16. Redaktsiia: AI AI AI. 2023. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyCaPx9wI8g&t=2163s. (In Russ.).
  17. Rezaev А.V., Tregubova N.D. Ot sotsiologii algoritmov k sotsialnoj analitike iskusstvennoj sotsialnosti: analiz keisov API i ChatGPT [From sociology of algorithms to the social analytics of artificial sociality: Analysis of API and ChatGPT cases]. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes. 2023; 3. (In Russ.).
  18. Selitsky S. Stokhastichesky popugaj v eru iskusstvennogo intellekta [Stochastic parrot in the era of artificial intelligence]. 2023. URL: https://lr4.lsm.lv/lv/raksts/priroda-veschey/ stohasticheskiy-popugay-v-eru-iskusstvennogo-intellekta.a177615. (In Russ.).
  19. Harari Y.N. II i budushchee chelovechestva. Vistuplenie na “Frontiers Forum” [AI and the future of humanity. Speech at Frontiers Forum]. 2023. URL: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=4IB1PuGc-cE. (In Russ.).
  20. Chernigovskaya T.V. Estestvenny i iskusstvenny intellekt [Natural and artificial intelligence]. 2023. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9rz10vgQnQ. (In Russ.).
  21. Chernigovskaya T.V., Lotman Yu.M. Tajna dvuh polusharij [The mystery of two hemispheres]. 1982. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI_5XGtHA0g. (In Russ.).
  22. Epstein М. Iskusstvenny i chelovechesky intellekt: gumanitarny podkhod [Artificial and human intelligence: A humanitarian approach]. Club IntLex. 2023; 35. (In Russ.).
  23. Epstein М. Iskusstvennyj intellekt protiv estestvennogo: kto kogo? Itogi eksperimenta [Artificial intelligence versus natural intelligence: Who wins? Results of the experiment]. 2023. URL: https://snob.ru/profile/27356/blog/3001419/. (In Russ.).
  24. Yadov V.А. Sotsiologicheskoe issledovanie: metodologiya, programma, metody [Sociological Research: Methodology, Program, Methods]. Мoscow; 1972. (In Russ.).
  25. Bubeck S., Chandrasekaran V., Eldan R., Gehrke J., Horvitz E., Kamar E., Lee P., Lee Y.T., Li Y., Lundberg S., Nori H., Palangi H., Ribeiro M.T., Zhang Y. Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4. Microsoft Research. 2023. URL: https://arxiv. org/pdf/2303.12712.pdf
  26. Cochran W. Sampling Techniques. New York; 1963.
  27. Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences of Daugavpils University: Artificial Intelligence and Higher Education. Dataset of the Sociological Survey. Available by request: vera.komarova@du.lv.
  28. Center of Students Services of Daugavpils University. URL: https://du.lv/par-mums/struktura/ studejoso-servisa-centrs.
  29. Harari Y.N. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. Harvill Secker; 2016.
  30. Heffernan M. Uncharted: How Uncertainty Can Power Change. London; 2021.
  31. Hofstede G., Hofstede G.J., Minkov M. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York; 2010.
  32. Hofstede G.J. Artificial Sociality: Simulating the Social Mind. 2019. URL: https://geerthofstede. com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Oratieboekje_Hofstede_Artif-Sociality-2019-01-17.pdf.
  33. Johnson A.G. “Ideal Type”. Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Wiley-Blackwell; 2000.
  34. Kim S.K., Kirchner E.A., Stefes A. Intrinsic interactive reinforcement learning — using error-related potentials for real world human-robot interaction. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7.
  35. Kish L. Survey Sampling. New York; 1965.
  36. Knorr Cetina K. Sociality with objects: Social relations in post-social knowledge societies. Theory, Culture & Society. 1997; 14 (4).
  37. Komarova V., Lonska J., Tumalavičius V., Krasko A. Artificial sociality in the humanmachine interaction. RUDN Journal of Sociology. 2021; 21 (2).
  38. Kovalenko I., Meliakova Y., Kalnytskyi E., Nesterenko K. Post-panopticon: Control and media in the new digital reality. Philosophy. Sociology. 2023; 34 (3).
  39. Central Statistical Bureau of the Republic of Latvia: Table DLM010: Computer/Internet Usage by Individuals, 2004–2023. URL: https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/informacijas-tehn/ ikt-majsaimniecibas/tabulas/dlm010-iedzivotaji-kuri-lieto?themeCode=EK.
  40. Lee H., Phatale S., Mansoor H., Lu K., Mesnard Th., Bishop C., Carbune V., Rastogi A. RLAIF: Scaling Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with AI Feedback. Preprint. 2023. URL: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.00267.
  41. LTCC Online: Table of z-values for Confidence Intervals. URL: http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/201/estimation/smallConfLevelTablehtm.
  42. Luhmann N. Social Systems. Stanford; 1995.
  43. Luhmann N. The paradox of observing systems. Rasch W. (Ed.). Theories of Distinction. Redescribing the Descriptions of Modernity. Stanford; 2002.
  44. Luhmann N. Introduction to Systems Theory. Polity Press; 2013.
  45. Malsch T. (Ed.). Sozionik — Soziologische Ansichten uber kunstliche Sozialitat. Berlin; 1998.
  46. Mutanen A. Philosophy of communication: A logico-conceptual approach. Philosophy. Sociology. 2022; 33 (3).
  47. Moreira I., Rivas J., Cruz F., Dazeley R., Ayala A., Fernandes B. Deep reinforcement learning with interactive feedback in a human–robot environment. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (16).
  48. Najar A., Chetouani M. Reinforcement learning with human advice: A survey. Front Robot AI. 2021; 8.
  49. OpenAI. ChatGPT. URL: https://chat.openai.com.
  50. Swedberg R. How to use Max Weber’s ideal type in sociological analysis. Journal of Classical Sociology. 2018; 18 (3).
  51. Trotsuk I.V. All power to the experts? Contradictions of the information society as both depending on and devaluating expertise. Russian Sociological Review. 2021; 20 (1).
  52. Trotsuk I.V. Excessive faith in certainty and its public proponents in the non-linear uncertain world: Reasons and … more reasons. Russian Sociological Review. 2021; 20 (4).
  53. Turing A. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind. 1950; LIX (236).
  54. Weber M. “Objectivity” in social science and social policy. Weber M (Ed.). Essays in the Methodology of the Social Sciences. New York; 1949.
  55. Weber M. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley; 1978.

Copyright (c) 2024 Menshikov V., Komarova V., Bolakova I., Ruza A., Ruza O.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies