Style and Uzus Labels of Adjectives in the Russian Language Dictionaries: a Comparative Quantitative and Qualitative Study

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Introduction

Dictionaries, being “the guiding stars for those who sought knowledge not only in the field of linguistics, which by all means governed the field of lexicography among others, but also in all the trades and fields cultivated by human beings” [1. С. 35], help distinguish informal and colloquial language units, bookish and stylistically neutral vocabulary. The dictionary is the main legitimate source that an expert uses when performing linguistic expertise [2. С. 152]. There is no generally accepted list of dictionaries recommended as sources for the interpretation and stylistic qualification of words. As a rule, the goals of traditional and modern Russian explanatory dictionaries do not always meet the requirements of linguistic expertise [3. С. 20].

Style and uzus labels are of great importance to dictionary users and language learners as they provide the specific information on restrictions of the word uzus and prevent from making mistakes [4]. However, the system of style and use labels is far from perfect. This is evidenced by the fact that each explanatory dictionary uses its own system of style and uzus labels sometimes significantly different from the system of style and uzus labels of other explanatory dictionaries [5. С. 445]. Very often the same word in different dictionaries, published at the same time, has different qualitative and quantitative presentation, i.e., it is supplied with different style and uzus labels, or unequal dictionary entries. Until now the boundaries of the style and uzus labels “colloquial” and “vernacular”, “literary” and “fiction”, “substandard” and “vulgar”, “special”, “professional” and “scientific” are still undefined in the dictionaries of the Russian language.

Without a deep comprehensive study of the stylistic structure of the Russian language and Russian speech, and determining the most objective scientific criteria for differentiating the stylistic and functional coloring of words, there will be no unity in the style and uzus labels of dictionaries. Despite the previous analysis of style and uzus labels based in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language [3–4], the system of style and uzus labels of adjectives in the Russian language is unexplored.

We aimed at exploring the system of style and uzus labels of adjectives in the dictionaries of the Russian language due to the fact that determining the stylistic and functional coloring of vocabulary and its classification in various respects requires a very deep and detailed study of its presentation. The results of the study will offer insights for determining the stylistic and functional coloring of adjectives in the Russian language and an effective classification of style and uzus labels of adjectives in the Russian language dictionaries.

Materials and methods

In line with the study aim, the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of style and uzus labels of adjectives in the Russian language dictionaries was conducted. The study materials comprised of the corpus of eight Russian language dictionaries^[1] published in the 20^th and early 21^st centuries:

Linguistic and statistical methods were manipulated for analyzing the research data.

Results and discussion Classification of style and uzus labels of adjectives in the dictionaries of the Russian language

The analysis of eight Russian language dictionaries revealed that each dictionary has accumulated an established system of style and uzus labels that can be classified according to their types. Based on the study of the dictionary prefaces and explanatory notes, the style and uzus labels of the adjectives in the dictionaries of the Russian language were grouped into three main categories, reflecting:

1) historical coloring;
2) functional and stylistic coloring;
3) emotional and expressive coloring.

Functional and stylistic coloring refers to:
a) bookish, and
b) conversational style and uzus labels.

Emotional and expressive coloring refers to:
a) style and uzus labels with a positive coloring, and
b) style and uzus labels with a negative coloring.

The style and uzus labels used in the dictionaries of the Russian language are presented in Table 1.

The table 1 demonstrates the quantitative variation and the qualitative differences in the classifications of the style and uzus labels of adjectives in eight dictionaries of the Russian language. The appearance of new colorings and disappearance of some old ones is noticed in the dictionaries of the latest period. Most of the style and uzus labels are presented in UD (36), BED (32), and DRL (23).

Table 1
Style and uzus labels of adjectives in the Russian language dictionaries

 

Style and uzus labels		Dictionaries*
Coloring	Types	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Historical
	Старин. / Old	+	+	+				+
	Устар. / Outdated		+	+	+	+		+	+
	Дореволюц. / Pre-­revolutionary		+
	Истор. / Historical		+
	Нов. / New		+			+
	Нов.истор. / New-­historic		+
	Церк.-книжн. / Church-­literary		+
	Црк. / Church	+
	Советск. / Soviet						+		+
	Соврем. / Modern						+
2. Functional and stylistic
Bookish	Книжн. / Bookish		+	+	+		+	+	+
	Научн. / Scientific		+				+
	Спец. / Special		+	+	+	+		+	+
	Тех. / Technical		+
	Канц. / Comittee		+
	Газет. / Newspaper		+
	Публ. / Publicistic		+				+		+
	Офиц. / Official		+	+	+		+	+	+
	Офиц.дел. / Official business				+
	Поэт. / Poetic		+
	Нар.-поэт. / Folk poetic		+		+	+			+
	Трад.-поэт. / Traditional poetic				+				+
	Трад.-лит. / Traditional literary								+
	Пес. / Song	+
	Проф. / Professional								+
Informal	Обл. / Regional		+	+	+	+		+
	Простореч. / Colloquial		+	+	+	+		+	+
	Разг. / Informal		+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Фам. / Familiar		+						+
	Арго / Argo		+
	Школьн. / School		+
	Вульг. / Vulgar		+						+
	Детск. / Children’s		+
	Загр. / Overseas		+
	Нар. / Folk	+
	Сказ. / Fairy-­tale	+
	Груб.-прост. / Roughly colloquial				+
	Сниж. / Substandard						+
	Разг.-сниж. / Informal substandard								+
	Жарг. / Jargon						+		+
	Лаг.жарг. / Camp jargon						+
	Трад.-нар. / Traditional folk								+
	Нар.-разг. / Folk informal								+
	Окказ. / Occasional						+		+
3. Emotional and expressive
Positive	Высок. / High			+	+		+	+	+
	Шутл. / Playful	+	+	+	+		+	+	+
	Почтит. / Respectful				+	+			+
	Ласк. / Affectionate				+				+
	Ум.-ласк. / Diminutive				+
	Торж. / Solemn		+		+
	Эвф. / Euphemistic		+				+
	Ритор. / Rhetorical		+
	Одобр. / Approving								+
	Приветл. / Friendly	+
Negative	Бран. / Expletive	+	+	+	+	+		+	+
	Ирон. / Ironical		+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Неодобр. / Disapproving		+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Презр. / Contemptuous		+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Пренебр. / Disparaging		+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Уничиж. / Derogatory				+			+	+
	Груб. / Rude							+	+
	Укор. / Reproachful		+
Total		8	36	15	23	13	19	16	32

 * 1 — DD, 2 — UD, 3 — OD, 4 — DRL, 5 — DMRL, 6 — EDRL, 7 — OShD, 8 — BED

Source: compiled by Sharapat К. Mamirova, Gulzhana А. Kuzembayeva, Zhumagul А. Maydangalieva elaboration, based on the analysis of dictionaries

The discrepancies in the categories of coloring and types of the style and uzus labels of adjectives in the dictionaries of the Russian language can be stated based on the following examples:

• безмозглый (mindless) is stated in DD as “neutral”, in UD — “informal”, “expletive”, in the DRL — “informal”, “contemptuous”, in DMRL — “expletive”, in OD and OShD — “informal”, in BED — “contemptuous”, and is not presented in EDRL;
• дерзостный (impudent, ill-­mannered) is stated in DD as “church”, in UD — “bookish”, “outdated”, in DRL, DMRL and BED — “outdated”, and is not presented in OD, EDRL and OShD. This indicates the transition of some adjectives into the category of archaisms and historicisms.

DRL has simplified the classification of style and uzus labels, and does not provide such a qualitative nomenclature as in UD: there are no style and uzus labels indicating the historical-­temporal space, but only one style and uzus label “outdated” is stated, though there are labels as “folk poetic”, “traditional poetic”, “derogatory”, “respectful”, “solemn”.

OD, DMRL, OShD have approximately the same number of style and uzus labels (15, 13, and 16 respectively), which is half as much as in UD and DRL. This indicates a period in the development of Russian language stylistics, when the dictionary compilers sought to achieve uniformity in distinguishing style and uzus labels. OShD was released in relatively recent times after the formation of the CIS, when the stylistic assessment of the word and the content of style and uzus labels should have changed radically, though this did not happen. OShD repeats OD in the principles of compiling a dictionary, but is co-­authored with N.Yu. Shvedova, and remains one of the most demanded, popular and normative dictionaries.

There are only eight style and uzus labels in DD. In the period of compiling Dal’s dictionary, stylistics and lexicography of the Russian language has not reached their current development as a science, therefore DD is a dialectal and interpretive, non-­normative dictionary type. Style and uzus labels in DD can be divided into:

a) high style (“old”, “church”);

b) neutral style (“narrative”, “song”, “fairy-­tale”);

c) low style (“expletive”, “friendly”, “playful”).

EDRL was an impetus in the development of the system of style and uzus labels in the Russian language dictionaries, since fundamental changes in the political, economic, socio-­spiritual, public sphere (extralinguistic factors) influenced the Russian language and speech. In the latest period of the Russian language development, the old meanings of some words were rethought, some obsolete words were forced out of the lexical composition of the dictionary, new borrowings became habitual as a result of the emergence and intensive development of technical sciences — cybernetics, cosmology, parapsychology, logistics. New style and uzus labels as “jargon”, “camp jargon”, “Soviet” were used in EDRL to indicate the position in society and social coloring of adjectives.

BED presents new meanings of lexemes in their stylistic diversity that is justified from the point of view of the modern language.

Although DRL and OShD use the style and uzus label “bookish”, it is inconsistent. In DRL the following adjectives are stated as bookish words: всевластный (all-­powerful), гневный (irate), докторальный (doctoral), зиждительный (constructive), злонамеренный (malevolent). Whereas, other bookish adjectives remain without a corresponding style and uzus label: аналогичный (similar), доскональный (thorough), гармоничный (harmonious), гнусный (vile), закостенелый (ossified).

In different dictionaries the coloring of adjectives is not fully reflected being presented inconsistently and inaccurately in some cases. Style and uzus labels are recorded irregularly: аффективный (affective, emotional) in DD is stated as “French”, in UD, OD and OShD — “bookish”, in other dictionaries it has no label, and remains neutral. A number of obsolete words are not properly marked in some dictionaries: жантильный (gentle, pretentious, mannered) is stated as “informal”, “outdated” in UD, “outdated” — in DMRL, and is no longer available in the dictionaries of the post-­Soviet era — OD, DRL, EDRL, OShD and BED.

New style and uzus labels as “jargon”, “camp jargon”, “Soviet”, “substandard” indicating the historical and social processes taking place are present in EDRL and BED.

In three of the eight dictionaries under study (UD, EDRL and BED), the style and uzus label “publicistic” is used. The adjective запретительный (prohibitive) that has shifted from colloquial speech to publicistic style is stated by the compilers of DRL as “neutral”, though, is provided with an example of use: запретительные меры (prohibitive measures). In OD and OShD this adjective with the same dictionary entry is stated as “bookish”.

Factors determining the development of the system of style and uzus labels in the dictionaries of the Russian language

Comparing the coloring of adjectives taking into account periods of publication of the dictionaries revealed definite similarities and differences in the quality and quantity of style and uzus labels. The results show, that differences in the style and uzus labels in eight dictionaries of the Russian language, and in determining the stylistic coloring of adjectives in them, depend on the following linguistic factors:

• different goals and objectives of compiling dictionaries;
• different principles for constructing a dictionary and the structure of a dictionary entry;
• unequal illustrative material and different interpretation of words;
• different approaches of the dictionary compilers to the problem of stylistic normativity of lexical units;
• features of the development of lexicography and stylistics in the historical-­temporal space.

The following extralinguistic factors are also significant in the development of the system of style and uzus labels in dictionaries:

• unequal volume and composition of dictionaries;
• different years of publication and collection of vocabulary entries;
• significant changes in the socio-­political system;
• development of versatile international relations;
• the presence of marginal groups in society;
• the emergence of new areas of human knowledge such as cosmology, cybernetics, parapsychology, extrasensory perception, etc.;
• intensive development of the mass media, including Internet and telephony;
• development of the technical component of the human environment;
• active “Europeanization”, “jargonization” and “neutralization” of literary language under the influence of the language of the media and popular literature.

The analysis of the 8 dictionaries allows us to trace the evolutionary development of the bank of style and uzus labels based on their quantitative variation presented in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Evolutionary development of the bank of style and uzus labels in the Russian language dictionaries
Source: compiled by Sharapat К. Mamirova, Gulzhana А. Kuzembayeva, Zhumagul А. Maydangalieva.

The evolutionary transformation of the bank of style and uzus labels in the dictionaries of the Russian language demonstrates a noticeable variation: from 8 to 36 style and uzus labels in the dictionaries of the stated periods, which confirms the absence at the present time of a final, definite, unified set of style and uzus labels in the Russian language dictionaries both in terms of quality (content) and quantity.

The historical period of collecting material and the time of publication of UD and BED, which state the most of the style and uzus labels of adjectives, should be taken into account. UD was compiled after the socio-­political events of 1917 in the beginning of the First World War, when the grammatical features of the Russian language finally took shape, and published in 1934–1940 by a team of compilers led by Professor D.N. Ushakov. BED was compiled after 1990 by a team of authors headed by S.A. Kuznetsov, based on the electronic card catalogue of all explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, and published in 2002. It includes the active vocabulary of the last decade, and the number of words of the one-­volume explanatory dictionary amounts to 130,000 units.

In recent years, the volume of style and uzus labels in the Russian language dictionaries has become approximately the same: DMRL — 13, EDRL — 19, OShD — 16, that indicates the attempts of coming to a consensus among the representatives of stylistics. Though, recent mass publication of BED showed a different look at the stylistic marking and evaluation of coloring of adjectives, and hence the resumption of urgent problems of stylistics. The dictionary presented an updated lexical composition of the Russian language, new meanings of adjectives, introduced the replenished system of style and uzus labels, among which are style and uzus labels of social differentiation, not recorded in the dictionaries of early editions.

The comparative analysis of style and uzus labels of adjectives in the Russian language dictionaries shows that the post-­revolutionary and post-­Soviet years of the 20^th century are characterized by approximately the same trend towards an increase in the number of style and uzus labels of adjectives (36 in UD and 32 in BED), and their quality reflects the outgoing historical era —– “pre-­revolutionary” and “Soviet”. After each significant historical period, the lexical fund of the Russian language is intensively replenished with colloquial words, the stylistic norms are violated, and dictionaries include different style and uzus labels without consistency in labelling policy.

The system of style and uzus labels of adjectives: the proposal based on the study of dictionaries of the Russian language and factors influencing the formation of style and uzus labels in them

At the present stage of development of Russian stylistics and lexicography, there are still interesting and deeply thought-­out concepts that have not yet found their practical application, and there is no consensus among researchers on this issue. There is no definitively defined single set of style and uzus labels in modern lexicography both in terms of content and quantity. Therefore, the existing system of style and uzus labels in dictionaries at the present stage of development of Russian stylistics and lexicography is not the final solution to the problem, which needs further development “taking into account new and interesting concepts” [5–6]. Until the stylistic structure of the Russian language and speech is deeply described, and scientific criteria for the stylistic assessment of linguistic units are found, there will be no unity in style and uzus labels of dictionaries.

Based on the comparative analysis of the style and uzus labels in the Russian language dictionaries that do not always create the correct and final idea of the emotional and expressive, functional and stylistic coloring of adjectives in the modern Russian language, and taking into account the influence of style-­forming linguistic and extralinguistic factors, we propose the following system of style and uzus labels of adjectives to be used in the dictionaries of the Russian language:

1. Historical style and uzus labels: стар. (old), устар. (outdated), нов. (new), советск. (Soviet);
2. Functional and stylistic style and uzus labels:
   a) bookish: книжн. (bookish), спец. (special), публ. (publicistic), офиц. (official), нар.-поэт. (folk poetic);
   b) informal: обл. (regional), разг. (informal), прост. (colloquial), жарг. (jargon), фам. (familiar), вульг. (vulgar), окказ. (occasional);
3. Emotional and expressive style and uzus labels:
   a) positive: высок. (high), шутл. (playful), ласк. (affectionate), усилит. (intensifying), эвф. (euphemistic);
   b) negative: бран. (expletive), ирон. (ironical), неодобр. (disapproving), презр. (contemptuous), пренебр. (disparaging), груб. (rude).

There can be two types of and uzus labels in explanatory dictionaries: the former characterizes the functional and stylistic coloring; the latter indicates the emotional and expressive coloring.

L.S. Sidorkova [7], proceeding from the analysis of nouns in UD and OD, classifies the style and uzus labels into five types:

1. single;
2. double single-­type;
3. double heterogeneous;
4. triple heterogeneous;
5. triple mixed style and uzus labels [7. С. 59–60]. Though, the results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of style and uzus labels in the DRL and OShD revealed no adjectives with triple style and uzus labels. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to highlighting double single-­type and double heterogeneous style and uzus labels for adjectives, e.g.:

сиволапый (gray-­footed) — 1) “обл.” (regional) and 2) “прост.” (colloquial);

всеведущий (omniscient) — 1) “устар.” (outdated) and 2) “обл.” (regional);

гулливый (husky) — 1) “устар.” (outdated) and 2) “обл.” (regional);

подопечный (ward) — 1) “офиц.” (official) and 2) “разг.” (informal);

супостатный (adversarial) — 1) “стар.” (old) and 2) “высок.” (high);

сутяжный (barratry) — 1) “разг.” (informal) and 2) “неодобр.” (disapproving);

черномазый (darky) — 1) “прост.” (colloquial) and 2) “неодобр.” (disapproving);

потребный (needful) — 1) “устар.” (outdated) and 2) “книжн.” (bookish);

неведомый (unknown) — 1) “устар.” (outdated) and 2) “книжн.” (bookish).

Historical style and uzus labels characterize vocabulary in terms of its active and passive units. Appearance and archaization of language units (adjectives) is a lengthy and complex process.

The style and uzus label “стар.” (old) indicates old, obsolete concepts, objects, and names. They include historicisms, to which there are no synonyms in modern Russian: дружинный meaning “army of knyaz”, бургомистерский meaning “city government”, будуарная meaning “the female half of the house” and “the type of furniture”. The style and uzus label “стар.” (old) should be used to mark vocabulary that is out of use or is becoming obsolete, but is still known from classical fiction of the 19^th and 20^th centuries: верноподданный (faithful), иноплеменный (foreign), благоверный (right-­believing), аглицкий (English). Outdated words can be archaisms, i.e., obsolete words for which there are synonyms in modern language.

The style and uzus label “нов.” (new) is applied to new words or new meanings of words: холдинговый (referring to the holding), стрессовый (stress), менеджерский (managerial).

The style and uzus label “советск.” (Soviet) refers to words that were formed in Soviet times and disappeared in post-­Soviet times. This style and uzus label should be used at the present stage of development of the Russian language vocabulary just as the style and uzus label “дореволюц.” (pre-­revolutionary) is used in UD: исполкомовский (referring to executive committee), пионерский (pioneer), комсомольский (Komsomol), октябрятский (October). We assume that such words will pass into the category of historicisms, and will be marked by the style and uzus label “устар.” (outdated).

Functional and stylistic style and uzus labels with bookish coloring include:

• the style and uzus label “книжн.” (bookish), referring to literary style: добродетельный (virtuous), локальный (local), экстраординарный (extraordinary), коррумпированный (corrupt);
• “спец.” (special), referring to the language and speech of any narrow specialty or profession, scientific style and scientific speech. Some lexicographers differentiate them into “спец.” (special), “проф.” (prof.), “тех.” (technical), “научн.” (scientific). We propose combining style and uzus labels of this type: гомогенный (homogeneous), теплоизоляционный (heat-­insulating), антивозрастной (anti-­aging), дебаркадерный (landing stage), мажоритарный (majority), синергетический (synergistic), приватизированный (privatized), солодовенный (malt).
• “публ.” (publ.) indicates the brightly colored vocabulary that the media represents: клондайкский meaning “quickly get rich”, унитарный meaning. “combined”.
• “офиц.” (official), inherent in official business speech and the language of business documents: многомандатный (multi-­mandate), глубокоуважаемый (highly respected), подсудимый (defendant), присяжный (juror), пострадавший (victim).
• “нар.-поэт.” (Folk poetic), characteristic of ethnic poetic speech: одичалый (wild), подноготная (ins and outs), ранехонький (early).

Functional and stylistic style and uzus labels with colloquial coloring refer to the vocabulary of the social strata of society, and are characterized by the ease and informality.

The style and uzus label “обл.” (region) is characteristic of regional, dialectal speech: нонешний meaning “current”, падучий meaning “autumn”, сродный meaning “cousin”. They are more or less clear or familiar from fiction or from the speech of old people than dialect words: рясный meaning “abundant, thick”, молосный — modest, хрушкий — large, баской — beautiful. Basque in the meaning. Style and uzus label should also mark dialectisms, since it is non-­normative and peripheral vocabulary.

The style and uzus label “разг.” (colloquial) is characteristic of colloquial speech: вертлявый meaning “fidgety”, тамошний meaning “foreign”.

Adjectives with the style and uzus label “прост.” (colloquial) are lower than informal adjectives, and are used in common speech: голопузый (bare-­bellied), башковитый (brainy), ментовский (cop).

Adjectives with the style and uzus label “жарг.” (jargon) is characteristic of the speech of people related to one professional field (students, drivers, teachers, fishermen, children, prisoners).

The style and uzus label “фам.” (familiar) is characteristic of too relaxed and inappropriately cheeky behavior of a person and his speech.

Adjectives with the style and uzus label “вульг.” (vulgar) are not standardized, they are used in a colloquial setting, differ from familiar and vernacular in a vulgar, rude and obscene connotation.

The style and uzus label “окказ.” (occasional) is characteristic of the author’s neologisms, formed according to unusual models. Due to extralinguistic reasons and the rich imagination of poets and writers, new words and new meanings of words appear, significantly replenishing the vocabulary of the Russian language: тяжелозвонкое скаканье meaning “heavy-­voiced galloping” (A. Pushkin); молоткастый “hammer”, миллионопалая “million-­toed”, двухметроворостая “two-­meter tall” (V. Mayakovsky); обосененная тишина “enlightened silence”, чисточетверговая свечка “pure Thursday candle” (S. Yesenin).

Emotional and expressive style and uzus labels with positive coloring include:

• “высок.” (high), characteristic of sublime, solemn, pathetic speech: доблестный (valiant), пламенный (fiery), исполинский (gigantic);
• “шутл.” (playful), characteristic of speech in a joking manner, with a jocular tinge: мыльный (soapy) meaning “multi-­series”, дражайший — “dearest”, сногсшибательный — “stunning”.
• “ласк.” (affectionate), characteristic of colloquial speech, but with an affectionate touch, good-­natured attitude: махонький (tiddly), миленький (cute), полненький (plump).
• “усилит.” (intensifying), applicable for the intensity of the quality, attribute and property of an object, phenomenon, person: бездонный (bottomless), прилизанный (slick).
• “эвф.” (euphemistic), replacing non-­literary words with decent words: дурак (fool) — неумный (stupid).

Emotional and expressive style and uzus labels with negative coloring include:

• “бран.” (expletive), characteristic of the speech of scolding people: дурий (foolish), подколодная (under-­the-wall), подзаборная (sub-­fence), сукин сын (son of a bitch), сопливый (snotty). Such style and uzus labels are always used as part of “informal” and “colloquial” style and uzus labels.
• “ирон.” (ironical) — with a touch of irony, mockery, causticity: озабоченный meaning “thinking of sexual relations”, суленый meaning “promised”, богобоязненный meaning “God-­fearing”.
• “неодобр.” (disapproving) — with a touch of disapproval, malevolence: безбожный (godless), сутяжный (litigious), левацкий (leftist).
• “презр.” (contemptuous) — with a touch of contempt, hatred: густопсовый (thick-­dog), плюгавый (shabby).
• “пренебр.” (disparaging) — with a touch of neglect, disgust: гороховый (pea) in the meaning “pertaining to the agent”; бабий (woman’s — voice, character, behavior), легавый meaning “pertaining to a police officer”;
• “груб.” (rude), referring to colloquial adjectives: сволочной (bastard), дурашливый (foolish).

Conclusions

The study of the style and uzus labels of the adjectives in the Russian language dictionaries can be considered as an attempt to determine one of the possible ways of objective interpretation of the types and categories of the stylistic coloring of language units in the Russian language.

Having subjected to the comparative analysis of the system of style and uzus labels in the dictionaries of the Russian language united into unequal groups and heterogeneously by different dictionary compilers, it became clear that they vary both in qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Variety in the views of the dictionary compilers are observed not only in the classification of style and uzus labels, but also in determining the type of coloring of a single adjective in different dictionaries of the Russian language.

The bank of style and uzus labels in the dictionaries of the Russian language indicating the historical, emotional and expressive, functional and stylistic coloring of adjectives is continuously modified and replenished with new style and uzus labels. It is determined by the influence of socio-­historical processes, linguistic and extralinguistic factors on the development of the Russian language stylistics. Until the stylistic structure of the Russian language is fully described, and scientific criteria for the stylistic assessment of language units are found, there will be no unity in the style and uzus labels in dictionaries.

 

^{1 DD — Dal, V. (1981–1982). Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 vols. Moscow : Russian language. (In Russ.); UD —Ushakov, D.N. (1935–1940). Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. Moscow : Russian language. (In Russ.); OD — Ozhegov, S.I. (1984). Dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow : Russian language. (In Russ.); DRL —Evgeniev, A.P. et al. (1981–1986). Dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. Moscow: Russian language. (In Russ.); DMRL — Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language in 20 vols. (1991). 1–2 vols. Moscow : AS USSR. (In Russ.); EDRL —Sklyarevskaya, G.N. (1998). Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late XX century. Language changes. St. Petersburg : Folio-­press. (In Russ.); OShD — Ozhegov, S.I. & Shvedova, N.Yu. (2000). Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow : Az. (In Russ.); BED — Kuznetsov, S.A. (2002). Big explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. St. Petersburg: Norint. (In Russ.).}

About the authors

Sharapat K. Mamirova

Central Asian Innovation University

Email: shake06@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0615-1921

PhD in Philology,Senior Lecturer of the Department of Language and Literature, Academiк Mardan Saparbayev Institute

137/2, Madeli Коzha str., Shymkent city, the Republic of Kazakhstan, 160013

Gulzhana A. Kuzembayeva

K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University

Author for correspondence.
Email: kuzembayeva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8964-3683
SPIN-code: 1510-2232

Gulzhana Kuzembayeva, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of English and German Languages

7А, Grishin str., Aktobe, the Republic of Kazakhstan, 030000

Zhumagul A. Maydangalieva

Baishev University; Kh.Dosmukhamedov Atyrau University

Email: maydangalieva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3189-8880
SPIN-code: 4996-8927

PhD in Education, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, Baishev University; postdoctoral of Atyrau University named after Khalel Dosmukhamedov

302А, br. Zhubanovykh str., Aktobe, the Republic of Kazakhstan, 030000; 1, pr-d Student, Atyrau, the Republic of Kazakhstan, 030000

References

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