Vol 26, No 3 (2022): PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS INFLUENCES

Relevance. The relevance of the study of the large cell nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus in case of skin damage is due to the important role of accompanying reactive changes in the neuroendocrine regulatory complex in stress. Since the hypothalamus is part of neuroendocrine cooperation, it shows pronounced signs of structural disorganization of neurons. The purpose of the study is to study structural changes in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus of rats in the dynamics of thermal burn injury of the skin. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in laboratory mature male rats. To assess the morphological features of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus in the dynamics of skin burn injury, histological examination methods were carried out. The morphological analysis evaluated the neurotopographic organization of the nucleus and its structural organization. Structural transformations were judged by the shape and location of neurons, by the shape of neuronal pericarions, by the presence of focal gliosis, swelling, spongiosis. Results and Discussion. The results of morphological analysis showed that in the conditions of burn damage to the skin in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, pronounced destructive changes in the form of focal gliosis, swelling, spongiosis, reversible and irreversible damage to nerve cells occurred in the initial post-traumatic period (on days 2-4). Weak structural tissue transformations on days 7-10 after burn exposure reflected the dynamics of repair of damaged nerve cells, testifying to of partial disorganization of nerve cells of a restorative nature. Conclusion. Thus, the revealed structural disorders in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus can be regarded as insignificant, which indicates the complex internal organization of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and its high resistance to damaging exogenous influences. The morphological features of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus confirm the involvement of the neurosecretory apparatus in the process of adaptation to stress against the background of burn exposure, the selective participation of their neurohormones in the regulation of normal and pathological conditions, exerting a wide range of physiological influences in the development of protective and adaptive mechanisms.

Relevance. The concept of the tissue morpho-functional units (modules) of the adrenal medulla is currently not fully developed for adrenaline-storing (A-) cells and completely undeveloped for noradrenaline-storing (NA-) cells. Aim. Separately for A- and NA-cells, establish modules in adrenal medulla based on criteria developed by fundamental histology. Materials and Methods. The study used serial, semithin, and ultrathin sections of the adrenal glands, 7-9 µm thick, from 6 adult male Wistar rats (weight 335 ± 25 g). The sections were stained according to the Honoré method with additional staining with toluidine blue, which allows one to reliably distinguish between A and HA cells in the medulla. A cells are stained blue and HA cells are stained green. Light and electron microscopy was used to visualize serial, semithin, and ultrathin sections of the adrenal glands of adult male rats with A- and HA-cell differentiation. Results and Discussion. A-cells formed round clusters, in which they were located in one layer on the basement membrane. Their lateral sides closely adjoined each other, while the inner sides (the central part of the complexes) formed intercellular expansions, microprotrusions, and primary cilia. Less firmly pressed NA-cells formed polyhedral beams. Both types of cell complexes were associated with auxiliary components (stromal, nervous, circulatory, etc.). The central expansions of A-cell round clusters apparently to serve to retain some of the already produced adrenaline, which increases the readiness of the medulla to rapidly release large amounts of adrenaline in case of hyperacute stress. Accordingly, the adherence of A-cell complexes to a rounded shape is determined by the need to create such central isolated storage expansions. NA-cells are located more freely and do not form isolated intercellular expansions. This allows NA-cells to wedge between stably round A-cell complexes and form polyhedral beams as a result. Conclusion. It was found that the rat adrenal medulla contains two logically and morpho-functionally distinct types of specific modules. A-module are A-cells rounded cluster and NA-module is polyhedral NA-cells beam, both associated with auxiliary components.

Relevance. In conditions of ever-increasing volume of training loads, the frequency of cases of chronic physical overstrain (CPO) among athletes is increasing. It determines the importance of early diagnosis of the formed pathology of the cardiovascular system in order to prevent its further development. The aim of the study was to study the dynamics of autoantibodies to cardiomyocyte proteins using an experimental model of CPO and to determine the prospects of a laboratory method for the determination of autoantibodies for early diagnosis of pathomorphological changes in the heart. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on male white rats. A treadmill was used to model CPO. In animals, the heart rate was measured, electrical phenomena in the heart were recorded. The content of hemoglobin and erythrocytes was determined in the blood. The level of cardiospecific autoantibodies (auto-AB) to troponin I, to alpha-actin 1, and to the heavy chain of beta-myosin 7B was measured. Heart mass was measured and histomorphological assessment of the state of cardiomyocytes was carried out. Results and Discussion. While modeling CPO, a decrease in body weight of the animals, the development of anemia, and cardiac hypertrophy were recorded. A decrease in body weight by more than 30 % was recorded from days 25 to 35 of the modeled CPO. A decrease in the number of erythrocytes in the blood was noted on day 25 with a peak fall on days 30-35. The mass of heart of animals in the dynamics of 0-15-35 days was 0.39±0.003; 0.41±0.001; 0.44±0.005 g/100 g, respectively. On day 25, sinus tachycardia was recorded in 2 % of the animals. On days 30 and 35, in 10 % of the studied rats, a violation of the processes of repolarization of the left ventricle by the type of subepicardial ischemia was recorded. On the 25th day, fibrosis of the perivascular region was visualized, passing into the interstitial field between the myofibrils. Reticulate structures of connective tissue fibers between cardiomyocytes were found. The period of 30-35 days was characterized by even greater severity of pathomorphological changes: myocardial hypertrophy, moderate myocardial dystrophy, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. An increase in the number of detectable auto-ABs to cardiomyocyte proteins was noted on the 10th day of the experiment. A multiple increase in autoantibodies to cardiomyocyte proteins was recorded earlier than functional disorders in the heart and morphological changes in cardiomyocytes were detected. Conclusion. The laboratory method for determining auto-ABs to myocardial proteins can be the earliest of the complex methods for diagnosing disorders that are formed in the body in conditions of adaptation to intense and prolonged physical exertion.

Relevance. The high incidence, prevalence and mortality in tuberculosis determines the relevance of improving clinical and organizational processes in terms of algorithmization. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the clinical and organizational management algorithm for tuberculosis medical care at the regional level. Materials and Methods. The object of the study (2007-2021) were the tuberculosis medical care system of the Sverdlovsk region, Russian Federation. The scientific and methodological bases were Department of Health Organization, Drug Supply, Medical Technologies and Hygiene of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia topic SRW № 214791-3-000. The development of the algorithm was carried out on the basis of a scientifically proven universal clinical management system. The epidemiological tuberculosis author data and of Rosstat in the Sverdlovsk region for 2007-2020 were used - general and structural morbidity, prevalence, mortality, as well as the number of 3, 4 and 6 groups of dispensary registration of patients. The efficiency of the algorithm was evaluated by the dynamics of the complex of epidemiological indicators of tuberculosis. Research methods were applied: content analysis, analytical, statistical, comparative, expert. Significance was assessed using the t-White test. Differences in the compared parameters were considered significant at p<0.05. Results and Discussion. The effectiveness of the developed algorithm for managing regional tuberculosis medical care, including the components of needs analysis, systematization, automation and telecommunications, interdisciplinary integration, resource provision and performance evaluation, was confirmed by a significant decrease in the Sverdlovsk region for the period 2007-2020 general incidence by 2.05 times (from 119.9 to 51.7 per 100 thousand of the population), the incidence of children 0-14 years old by 1.48 times (from 18.7 to 12.6 per 100 thousand children of the corresponding age), prevalence in the population by 1.8 times (from 258.6 to 143 per 100 thousand of the population) and mortality from tuberculosis by 2.675 times (from 21.4 to 8.02 per 100 thousand of the population) (p<0.001). The COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) did not worsen the epidemiological situation for tuberculosis in the region. In 2020, an active form of tuberculosis was detected in 2201 people, which is 16 % less than in 2019 (p<0.05). The prevalence of epidemiologically dangerous bacillary forms of the disease for the period 2019-2020 decreased by 15.4 %, from 73.2 to 61.9 per 100 thousand population (p<0.05). Conclusion. Clinical and organizational management of tuberculosis medical care based on the algorithmization of scientifically evidence processes increases the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive measures and the social and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Relevance. The suprascapular notch is one of the most crucial areas of the scapula from a clinical standpoint. Aside from its anatomical relevance, the suprascapular notch type may also have some clinical implications for suprascapular nerve entrapment. Aim of the study was the determination of the different dimensions of the suprascapular notch based on the maximum depth (MD) and superior transverse diameter (STD), as well as the clinical relation between those dimensions and suprascapular nerve entrapment. Materials and Methods. The study’s materials were 100 unknown dry human scapulae from the from the anatomy department of the Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Each scapula was studied for suprascapular notch. From each of the scapulae, maximum depth and superior transverse diameter were determined. Fifty were from right side and Fifty were from left side. Different types of suprascapular notches were observed based on maximum depth and superior transverse diameter. Results and Discussion. In this study, the overall percentage distribution frequency of the suprascapular notch in 100 scapulae is MD > STD (25 %), MD = STD (0 %), STD > MD (60 %) and SSN Absent (15 %) respectively. The most common SSN type is STD > MD (60 %) type and least common SSN type is MD = STD (0 %) type. Conclusion. Morphological examination of the scapular notch reveals a common site of nerve compression and also demonstrates the surgical importance of the scapular nerve during shoulder surgery.