RUDN Journal of Medicine
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine
<p><strong>EDITOR IN CHIEF: </strong><strong>Zhanna D. KOBALAVA</strong>, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, Professor, Head of the Department of Internal Medicine with a course of cardiology and functional diagnostics named after V.S. Moiseev, Medical Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia;</p> <p><strong>ISSN: </strong>2313-0245 (Print)<strong> ISSN: </strong>2313-0261 (online)</p> <p><strong>Founded in</strong> 1997. <span class="tlid-translation translation" lang="en"><strong style="color: #000000;"><strong>Publication frequency</strong></strong>:</span> quarterly</p> <p><em><strong>PUBLISHER</strong>: </em><a href="http://eng.rudn.ru/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</a></p> <p><strong style="color: #000000;">Open Access</strong>: <img src="/files/journals/1//OA.png" alt="" width="68" height="25">. <strong>APC</strong>: no article processing charge</p> <p><strong>Peer-Review</strong>: double blind. <strong>Publication language</strong>: Russian, English</p> <p><strong>Indexation</strong>: Russian Index of Science Citation, Google Scholar, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat, East View, ResaerchBib, Lens, Research4Life, Dimensions, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, British Library, Bodleian Libraries (University of Oxford), Ghent University Library</p>Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)ru-RURUDN Journal of Medicine2313-0245<h4 style="text-align: left;" align="center"><em style="background: none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: Arial; color: #101010; font-size: 14px;">The right of authorship belongs to the authors of articles. The authors transfer the rights to use the article (including the use and distribution of an article in the Open Access) to the publisher of the journal on a non-exclusive license (Publishing Agreement (Public Offer)). At the same time, authors remain full rightsholders.</em></h4> <h3 align="center">Publishing Agreement (Public Offer) to Publish an Article in an Academic Periodical<br>'RUDN Journal of Medicine'</h3> <p>The Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN University), represented by the Vice-Rector for Scientific Work Andrey Aleksandrovich Kostin, acting under a Power of Attorney No 0044-09/20-198 dated 29.07.2020, hereinafter referred to as the Publisher, on the one hand, hereby offers to the public at large, hereinafter referred to as the Author, on the other hand, hereinafter collectively referred to as the Parties, to enter into this agreement, hereinafter referred to as the Agreement, regarding publication of scholarly materials, hereinafter referred to as the Article, in the Journal named 'RUDN Journal of Medicine', hereinafter referred to as the Journal, under the following terms.</p> <p><strong>1. General Terms and Conditions</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>1.1. Pursuant to Clause 2 of the Article 437 of the Russian Federation Civil Code, this Agreement shall be recognized as the public offer, hereinafter referred to as the Offer. Subject to Article 438 of the Russian Federation Civil Code, this Offer shall be deemed to have been completely and irrevocably accepted after the Author had submitted his/her materials by uploading those onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Information and Communication Network known as the Internet, hereinafter referred to as the Internet.</p> <p>1.2. Pursuant to the Russian Federation effective law as applicable to compliance with the copyright to electronic information resources, no materials from any site, electronic journal or project may be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form, either in a hard or soft copy, without a prior consent from the Journal's authors and editorial staff, which may be expressed by posting a respective consent (open license <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 CC BY-NC</a>) in the relevant section of the Journal's site on the Internet. <br>Whenever any published materials are used within the context of other documents, a reference to the original source needs to be specified.</p> <p>1.3. The Journal is registered by the Federal Oversight Service for Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (RosKomNadzor).</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>2. Terms Used in This Agreement</strong></p> <blockquote> <p><strong>The Author</strong> is an individual (or individuals) whose creative labor has produced the Article.</p> <p><strong>The Offer Acceptance</strong> means a complete and irrevocable acceptance of the Offer under the terms specified in Clause 3 hereof (the Author accepts the Offer by submitting an application to the Publisher, i.e. by uploading the Article along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet).</p> <p><strong>The Journal</strong> means an academic periodical named 'BULLETIN of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series Medicine'.</p> <p><strong>The Application </strong>means an electronic request of the Author addressed to the Publisher for publishing the Article in the Journal by uploading the Article and support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet).</p> <p><strong>The Publisher</strong> is the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN), being the Journal's founder and publisher.</p> <p><strong>The Article's Metadata </strong>means any materials in Russian and English intended to be included into the Science Citation database as per the original version of the Article such as the Article title; authors' details (full last name, first name, patronymic, present employer of each author with indication of the postal code, contact details (e-mail) of each author; abstract; keywords; topical classifications: UDC or any other bibliographic and library classification, and subject indices; bibliography (list of references).</p> <p><strong>The Offer</strong> means this document (offer to the Author) to publish an Article by uploading it onto the site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet.</p> <p><strong>The Publication </strong>means the act of publishing the Article in the Journal.</p> <p><strong>The Journal's Editorial Staff</strong> means a creative team engaged in preparing the Journal for publication.</p> <p><strong>The Editorial Board</strong> is an advisory body of the Journal's Editorial Office.</p> <p><strong>The Article</strong> means a result of fundamental and applied scholarly efforts in the form of a scholarly material, scientific review material, scientific message, bibliographical review on specific topics of the scholarly study, and background information on Russian and foreign scientists submitted by the Author for publication in the Journal.</p> <p><strong>The Parties </strong>mean the Author and the Publisher.</p> <p><strong>The Article Requirements </strong>mean requirements to the materials published in the Journal's section named "To Authors" of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/about/submissions#authorGuidelines"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/about/submissions#authorGuidelines" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/about/submissions#authorGuidelines</a></span> on the Internet.</p> <p><strong>The Service </strong>means publication of the Article in the Journal as per the Author's application.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>3. Subject Matter of the Agreement (Offer)</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>3.1. Subject to this Agreement, the Author shall provide the Publisher at no expense for the copyright duration as stated by the Russian Federation legislation with <strong>a non-exclusive license</strong> for use of the Author-created Article for the purpose of its publication in the Journal.</p> <p>3.2. The rights to use this Article as assigned hereunder shall include but not limited to:</p> <ul> <li>reproduction of the Article or any part thereof, as well as its metadata in Russian and English in any material form whatsoever, including soft and hard copy forms, as an individual work product in periodicals and/or databases (whether local or web-based) owned by the Publisher and/or any other persons at the discretion of the Publisher;</li> <li>dissemination of the Article or any part thereof, as well as its metadata in Russian and English on any media as part of the Journal and/or databases owned by the Publisher or any other persons, at the discretion of the Publisher, or as an individual work product, worldwide via open access or by subscription without payment of any fee to the Author;</li> <li>making public the Article or any part thereof as well as its metadata in Russian and English so that any person could access the Article from any location and at any time of his/her choice (including via the Internet);</li> <li>issuing permissions to use the Article or any part thereof as well as its metadata in Russian and English to any third parties while notifying the Author by publishing the respective information on the Journal's site without payment of any fee to the Author;</li> <li>processing, including translation of the Article (including translation into foreign languages), and use of the processed (translated) Article in any manner specified above;</li> <li>any other rights, not expressly assigned to the Publisher hereunder, including patent rights to any processes, techniques or methods, and other means, described by the Author in the Article, as well as trademark rights, shall be retained by the Author.</li> </ul> <p>3.3. No territorial restrictions will be applied to the use of rights to the Article.</p> <p>3.4. This Agreement shall become effective from the time the Article is submitted to the Journal, i.e. uploaded along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet, hereinafter referred to as the Article Upload.</p> <p>3.5. The rights shall be assigned by the Author to the Publisher at no expense, and the Article publication in the Journal shall not result in any financial contribution to the Author.</p> <p>3.6. If the Publisher decides to refuse to publish the Article in the Journal, this Agreement shall cease to be in force. A decision to refuse publication shall be sent to the Author via the e-mail address specified in the Application.</p> <p>3.7. The Publisher undertakes, throughout the currency of this Agreement, to provide to the Author the services associated with publication of the Article on the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine</a></span> on the Internet.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>4. General Terms of the Services Provision</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>4.1. The Publisher shall provide the services to the Author only if:</p> <ul> <li>the Author submits all materials compliant with the Offer requirements by way of the Article Upload;</li> <li>the Author Accepts the Offer.</li> </ul> <p>4.2. The services shall be provided to the Author free of charge.</p> <p>4.3. If any materials submitted by the Author are found in breach of rules and requirements of this Offer, the Publisher shall have a right to refuse to publish those.</p> <p>4.4. The Publisher shall not be responsible for any third-party unauthorized use of the data provided by the Author during the currency of this Agreement.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>5. Rights and Responsibilities of the Parties</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>5.1. The Author warrants that:</p> <ul> <li>he/she is the valid holder of exclusive rights to the Article; rights granted to the Publisher hereunder were not earlier assigned and will not be assigned to any third parties prior to publication of the Article by the Publisher in the Journal;</li> <li>the Article contains all the references to cited authors and/or sources (materials) that are required by the effective copyright law;</li> <li>the Author has obtained all required licenses to results, facts and other borrowed materials used in the Article where the Author is not a copyright holder;</li> <li>the Article does not contain any materials that may not be published in public sources in accordance with the effective Russian Federation statutory instruments, and the Article publication and dissemination will not involve any disclosure of classified (confidential) information, including state secrets;</li> <li>the Author has familiarized himself with the editorial policy and ethical principles published on the Journal website (<a href="/medicine/about/editorialPolicies">http://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/about/editorialPolicies</a>) and the consequences of violating these principles, has advised other Co-authors of the terms of this Agreement and has received consents from all the Co-authors to conclude this Agreement under the terms hereunder.</li> </ul> <p>5.2. The Author undertakes to:</p> <ul> <li>submit a manuscript of the Article as per the Requirements to articles;</li> <li>avoid using the soft copy of the Article produced by the Publisher for commercial purposes and in other periodicals;</li> <li>while preparing the Article for publication, the Author undertakes to: <ol type="a"> <li>make edits specified by readers and approved by the Journal's Editorial Office in the text of the Article and/or revise the Article following the Publisher's request, where necessary;</li> <li>proofread the Article within the timeframes specified in the Journal publication schedule;</li> <li>make only such edits in the proof that are minimally required to correct errors made in the Article original and/or introduce factual and momentary changes.</li> </ol> </li> </ul> <p>5.3. The Author is entitled to:</p> <ul> <li>pass to any third party a soft copy of the published Article provided by the Publisher pursuant to Clause 5.4 hereof for the Article to be incorporated, in whole or in part, into a scientific information database or repository in order to promote academic or scholarly investigations or for informational and educational purposes subject to the Author, Journal and Publisher being properly referenced.</li> </ul> <p>5.4. The Publisher undertakes to:</p> <ul> <li>publish the Author's Article, in soft or hard copy form, in the Journal in accordance with the terms hereof;</li> <li>provide the Author with the proof of the Article and make reasonable edits as requested by the Author, where required, following the Journal's Editorial resolution;</li> <li>provide the Author with the soft copy of the published Article by sending it to the Author's e-mail address within 15 business days of the Journal issue's publication;</li> <li>respect the Author's rights established by the effective law, protect those and use best endeavors to prevent any copyright infringements by third parties.</li> </ul> <p>5.5. The Publisher is entitled to:</p> <ul> <li>carry out technical and literary editing of the Article such that its basic content would remain unchanged;</li> <li>review the Article and suggest appropriate changes to the Author, and elect not to publish the Article if the Author fails to introduce such changes;</li> <li>require from the Author and/or other persons that the Journal, Publisher, Author and any other copyright holder, as well as the title of the Article, Journal issue identification and a year of publication as specified in the Journal be properly referenced whenever the Journal and/or the Article, including any individual part or fragment thereof, are used by any of the above-mentioned individuals thereafter;</li> <li>publish preliminary and/or advertising information on the forthcoming publication of the Article in mass media and any other information sources;</li> <li>establish rules (conditions) for acceptance and publication of materials in the Journal. The Journal's Editorial Board, headed by the Editor-in-Chief, shall enjoy an exclusive right to accept and/or reject any materials submitted to the Journal's Editorial Office for publication purposes. No manuscript (tangible medium) submitted by the Author to the Journal's Editorial Office will be subject to return. The Journal's Editorial Staff will not enter into any correspondence regarding the rejection of the Article by the Journal's Editorial Board;</li> <li>suspend provision of services to the Author hereunder temporarily for technical, technological and other reasons preventing the services from being provided for the duration of remedial activities;</li> <li>suspend services hereunder in accordance with civil procedures if: <ol> <li type="a">the Article does not correspond to the topics covered by the Journal or by any part thereof, or the submitted material is found insufficient for the individual publication, or the Article design is found at variance with the requirements imposed;</li> <li>the Author is in breach of any other obligations assumed under the Offer arrangement;</li> </ol> </li> <li>introduce changes to the Offer as per the procedure established by the Offer.</li> </ul> <p>5.6. Unless otherwise provided or stated herein, the Parties shall refer to the effective legislation of the Russian Federation.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>6. Offer Acceptance and Conclusion of the Agreement. The Term of the Agreement</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>6.1. This Agreement shall become effective when concluded, i.e. when the Author Accepts the Offer by sending an application to the Publisher, that is, by uploading the Article (Article Upload), and remain in effect for five years.</p> <p>6.2. The Offer Acceptance constitutes an Agreement made in writing (Articles 438 and 1286.1 of the Russian Federation Civil Code) under the Offer terms.</p> <p>6.3. Unless any of the Parties sends to the other Party a written notification of the Agreement termination no later than two months prior to the end of the specified five-year period, the duration of the Publisher's copyright to the Work shall be automatically extended by the similar period. The number of extensions is not limited.</p> <p>6.4. The term of the Agreement may not exceed the duration of exclusive rights to the Article pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation.</p> <p>6.5. Whenever the Author assigns (disposes of) its exclusive rights to the Work to any third party, this Agreement shall remain in effect.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>7. Agreement Modification and Termination Procedure</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>7.1. The Publisher shall have a right to unilaterally modify the terms of this Agreement by giving a prior notice to the Author, at least ten (10) calendar days before such modifications become effective, to the Author's e-mail address specified in the Author's application or via the Journal's site. These modifications shall become effective from the date specified in the respective notice.</p> <p>7.2. If the Author disagrees with any modification in the terms of this Agreement, the Author shall have a right to submit a written notice of his/her withdrawal from this Agreement by uploading it onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review, available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: <span data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1"}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":513,"3":{"1":0},"12":0}"><a class="in-cell-link" href="/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/medicine/author/submit/1</a></span> on the Internet.</p> <p>7.3. This Agreement may be terminated early:</p> <ul> <li>at any time by mutual agreement of the Parties; or</li> <li>otherwise as stipulated herein.</li> </ul> <p>7.4. The Author shall have a right to cancel this Agreement unilaterally by sending the Publisher a respective notice in writing at least sixty (60) calendar days prior to the intended date of the Author's Article publication in the Journal.</p> <p>7.5. The termination of this Agreement for any reasons shall not release the Parties from responsibility for breach of any Agreement terms during the currency hereof.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>8. Liability</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>8.1. A Party which has failed to perform its obligations under this Agreement, either in full or in part, shall be held liable pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation in force.</p> <p>8.2. All the data provided by the Author shall be trustworthy. The Author shall be responsible for completeness and reliability of the data provided to the Publisher. The use of untrustworthy information obtained from the Author shall not entail any responsibility upon the Publisher for any adverse effects resulting from its actions based on such untrustworthy information.</p> <p>8.3. The Author shall take full personal responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the Russian Federation law on advertising, protection of copyright and related rights, protection of trademarks and service marks, and protection of consumer rights. <br>8.4. The Publisher shall not be held responsible hereunder for:</p> <ol type="a"> <li>any actions resulting directly or indirectly from the actions of the Author;</li> <li>any loss incurred by the Author whether or not the Publisher was in a position to predict such loss.</li> </ol> <p>8.5. The Publisher shall be relieved from any responsibility for non-compliance with the terms of this Agreement if such non-compliance is a result of a force-majeure event such as an act of state authorities, including adoption of legal instruments, fire, flood, earthquake, other natural calamities, loss of power and/or computer network failure, strikes, civil commotions, riots, and any other similar events.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>9. Dispute Resolution Procedure</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>9.1. Any disputes and disagreements shall be resolved by the Parties by negotiations, and if the Parties fail to reach an agreement, these shall be resolved in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation.</p> <p>9.2. If any disagreements remain unresolved, the Parties shall settle those at the location of the Publisher in accordance with the effective law of the Russian Federation.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>10. Miscellaneous</strong></p> <blockquote> <p>10.1. Any notifications, messages, requests etc., excluding documents which need to be forwarded in original form pursuant to the Russian Federation legislation, shall be deemed to have been received by the Author, if delivered (sent) by the Publisher via the Journal's site, including by publishing those, by fax or e-mail specified in the Application, or using other communication facilities. The Parties acknowledge validity of notifications, messages, requests etc. delivered (sent) using the above-listed methods.</p> <p>10.2. Where the Publisher becomes subject to any claims related to non-compliance with an exclusive copyright or other intellectual property right of any third party during the writing of the Article or in connection with conclusion of this Agreement by the Author, the Author undertakes to:</p> <ul> <li>immediately upon receipt of a Publisher's notification, take measures to settle disputes with such third party, and, where necessary, join the litigation in favor of the Publisher and use its best endeavors to exclude the Publisher from the defendants;</li> <li>reimburse the legal cost, expenses and loss incurred by the Publisher as a result of application of a pre-award relief and measures for execution of a judgment, and damages paid by the Publisher to any third party for the infringement of exclusive copyright and/or other intellectual property rights, as well as other expenditures incurred by the Publisher as a result of infringement by the Author of any warranties provided hereunder.</li> </ul> <p>10.3. Subject to Article 6 of the Federal Law On Personal Data No. 152-FZ dated July 27, 2006, for the period from the conclusion of this Agreement and until the discharge of Parties obligations hereunder, the Author expresses his/her consent to processing of the following personal data by the Publisher: last name, first name, patronymic; taxpayers identification number (TIN); place and date of birth; citizenship details; ID document details; registration and actual location address; e-mail address; mailing address with postal code; contact phone numbers; fax numbers; and details of the employers.</p> <p>10.4. The Publisher is entitled to process the above personal data for the purpose of this Agreement performance, including for provision of information and reference services to the Author. The processing of personal data shall be understood to mean any handing (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, refinement (update, alteration), use, distribution (including transfer to third parties), depersonalization, blocking and deletion of personal data in accordance with the effective Russian Federation legislation.</p> <p>10.5. Where permitted by the Russian Federation legislation, the Author is entitled to withdraw his/her consent to processing of personal data as listed in Clause 10.3 by forwarding a respective notice to the Publisher. Upon receipt of such notice, the Publisher has a right to suspend services.</p> <p>10.6. The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article.</p> </blockquote> <p><strong>11. </strong><strong>Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher</strong></p> <p>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN University)</p> <p>Address: 6 Mikluho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation</p> <p>TIN 7728073720, CRR 772801001, PSRN 1027739189323.</p> <p>Vice Rector for Scientific Work A.A. Kostin</p>History of aviation physiology
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37167
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. In studying the history of medical and biological disciplines, an important part is the identification of the stages of their formation and development. In this regard, it seems important to make a historical and scientific analytical review of the development of ideas about aviation physiology, covering different stages of the history of science and reflecting the contribution of researchers from different regions. It will be useful for teaching historical and scientific and special disciplines, as well as for researchers involved in the study of aviation physiology. The need to understand how the human body functions in flight arose along with the development of aeronautics. The study is devoted to the analysis of the main stages in the development of aviation physiology. The purpose of the study - to characterize the stages of formation and development of aviation physiology. Research methods. In preparing this publication, articles in publications included in the RSCI, PubMed, and Scopus were mainly used. Preference was given to materials published in the last 15 years. The main results present the stages of development of aviation physiology with a description of the contribution of the main researchers in this field. The achievements of domestic scientists, doctors, physiologists I.M. Sechenov, L.A. Orbeli, G.M. Zarakovsky are analyzed, their scientific priorities in the development of this scientific direction are presented. The process of formation and development of aviation physiology as a direction of biomedical knowledge is presented. Before the advent of aviation (19th century), hypoxia was studied in the study of balloon flights. With the advent of high-speed and maneuverable aircraft, aviation physiology began to study the body’s response to overloads caused by highly maneuverable flights. Conclusion . The development of aviation physiology can be divided into two stages. 1. Pre-aviation, within which the emergence of this area of medico-biological knowledge takes place. 2. Aviation, at this stage scientists have the opportunity to study different multidirectional overloads and their effect on the human body. Currently, aviation physiology is one of the important branches of physiology, aviation and space medicine.</p>Egor K. GrebennikovInna N. GrebennikovaAnna M. SubotyalovaMikhail A. Subotyalov
Copyright (c) 2023 Grebennikov E.K., Grebennikova I.N., Subotyalova A.M., Subotyalov M.A.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-152023-12-1527441141810.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-411-418Blood pressure status in patients with metabolic syndrome
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37168
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is existence of many abnormalities, such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. The occurrence of MetS in hypertensive people is linked to poorly managed hypertension. One of the parameters for the diagnosis of the syndrome is the presence of increased blood pressure; nevertheless, research shows that MetS patients are likely to experience hypertension often. Materials and Methods. 300 metabolic subjects were selected from the medicine OPD as study participants based on the joint interim statement’s 2009 definition of the metabolic syndrome. They were divided into three groups (normotensive, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive) based on blood pressure readings that met the American Heart Association’s (AHA) Asian blood pressure criteria. The following parameters were recorded for data collection: anthropometric (Weight, Height, Body Mass Index Waist Hip Ratio), Blood pressure, biochemical (Fasting blood glucose, Lipid profile parameters). Results and Discussion. According to the resting blood pressure readings, out of 300 metabolic syndrome participants, 37 were normotensive [male (40.54 %); female (59.45 %)], 115 were pre-hypertensive [male (58.26 %); female (41.74 %), and 148 were hypertensive [male (52.7 %); female (47.3 %)]. In several parameters, there was no such significant difference between male and female participants across all groups. However, the levels of blood total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein were considerably greater in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive metabolic participants than in normotensive subjects, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein were lower. Conclusion. Study findings suggest, hypertension and pre-hypertension were more prevalent in the group with metabolic syndrome. Additionally, hypertensives have a higher chance of manifesting dyslipidemia.</p>Jitender SoroutSudhanshu KackerNeha SabooMunesh Kumar
Copyright (c) 2023 Sorout J., Kacker S., Saboo N., Kumar M.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2023-12-152023-12-1527441942710.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-419-427Monitoring of Neuromuscular block during emergency abdominal surgery
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37169
<p>Relevance. Sixty percent of cases of residual neuromuscular block (rNMB) were recorded globally, yet this issue of rNMB in critically ill patients remains taboo. To predict any leftover NMB, a train-of-four stimulation (TOF) Watch SX was utilized to track the depth of muscle relaxant in emergency patients both during and after surgery, even when they were transported to the intensive care unit. This study aimed to investigate differences in the variability of neuromuscular block between two distinct surgical procedures: laparoscopic cholecystectomy (the control group) and emergency abdominal surgery (the investigation group). Materials and Methods. Using two different muscle relaxants and assessing their depth using accelerometry notably the TOF Watch SX. A total of 140 patients, aged 18-60 years with a BMI of 18-30 kg/m², participated in the study. Group I underwent planned cholecystectomy (control group), while Group II underwent emergency abdominal surgery (investigation group). The muscle relaxants Ridelat-C, generic of atracurium benzilate (Verofarm OOO, Harabovsk, Russia) and Kruaron, generic of rocuronium bromide (Verofarm OOO, Harabovsk, Russia) were administered, with various monitoring methods, including Drager Fabius, ECG, and lab results, Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2021 advanced with graphs and ANOVA. Results and Discussion. The results demonstrated profound skeletal muscle relaxation for planned cholecystectomy, with TOF 0 achieved at 165.9 ± 95 seconds for Kruaron and 183.3 ± 90 seconds for Ridelat-C. In emergency abdominal surgery, it took 207.1 ± 120 seconds with Kruaron and 255.5 ± 109.5 seconds with Ridelat-C at TOF0. Notably, Kruaron exhibited prolonged effects in Group II, leading to residual neuromuscular block in critically ills even 2.5 hours post-surgery. Conclusion . Neuromuscular blocking agents modestly exacerbated neuromuscular dysfunction, potentially contributing to acquired critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy, severe sepsis/septic shock, and massive blood loss/haemorrhagic shock. In critically ills, a minimal calculated dose of Kruaron is recommended, while Ridelat-C, which metabolized within the blood plasma without involving the kidneys or liver, might be a better choice. Suggamadex was suggested for reversing Kruaron effects due to its rapid effect as compared to proserine.</p>Neelam DhunputhMarina V. PetrovaVictor V. MorozAndrey V. ButrovMarat A. Magomedov
Copyright (c) 2023 Dhunputh N., Petrova M.V., Moroz V.V., Butrov A.V., Magomedov M.A.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527442844010.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-428-440Macrophage population state and proliferative activity of spleen cells under liver regeneration conditions
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37170
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. Currently, the participation of immune system cells in the regulation of reparative processes is attracting more and more attention of researchers. There is an anatomical connection between the liver and spleen by means of portal vein. Thus, cytokines and other biologically active substances can enter the liver from the spleen through the portal vein, as well as cells can migrate to the liver. However, the specific mechanisms of mutual influence of the mentioned organs, including in reparative processes, remain poorly studied. The aim of our work was to study the state of spleen monocyte-macrophage population after liver resection, as well as the proliferative activity of spleen cells during liver regeneration . Materials and Methods . The model of liver regeneration after 70 % resection in mouse was reproduced in this work. The animals were taken out of the experiment after 1, 3 and 7 days. The marker of cell proliferation Ki67 was immunohistochemically detected, the state of spleen monocyte-macrophage population was evaluated by markers CD68, CD115, CD206, F4/80 by methods of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Results and Discussion . The liver regeneration had a pronounced effect on the cytoarchitectonics of the spleen. In 1 day after liver resection in the spleen there was observed a decrease in the share of Ki67+cells, according to the flow cytometry data there was a decrease in the number of CD115+cells, in 3 and 7 days there was a decrease in the number of F4/80+ macrophages. Conclusion . Liver resection causes changes in the state of cell populations of the spleen as well. First of all, to the decrease in the activity of proliferative processes in it, as well as to the changes in the state of the monocyte-macrophage system. A decrease in the content of CD115+ and F4/80+ cells in the spleen was found, which indirectly indicates the migration of monocytes/macrophages after liver resection, which can also influence the course of reparative processes in the liver.</p>Aiaz T. MamedovElena A. GantsovaViktoria V. KiselevaAnastasia V. LokhoninaAndrey V. MakarovSvetlana A. TuryginaIrina A. BicherovaIrina V. ArutyunyanPolina A. VishnyakovaAndrey V. ElchaninovTimur Kh. Fatkhudinov
Copyright (c) 2023 Mamedov A.T., Gantsova E.A., Kiseleva V.V., Lokhonina A.V., Makarov A.V., Turygina S.A., Bicherova I.A., Arutyunyan I.V., Vishnyakova P.A., Elchaninov A.V., Fatkhudinov T.K.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527444144810.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-441-448Migration, proliferation and cell death of regenerating liver macrophages in an experimental model
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37171
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance . Macrophages are the leading regulatory cell-lineage taking part in reparative processes in mammals, and the liver is no exception. The ratio of monocyte migration, proliferation and death of macrophages during liver regeneration requires further studies. The aim was to quantify the intensity of monocyte migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis of resident liver macrophages after its 70 % resection in a mouse model. Materials and Methods. We performed 70 % liver resection in sexually mature male BalbC mice. Cells of liver monocyte-macrophage system were obtained by magnetic sorting by marker F4/80. The immunophenotype of the isolated cells was further studied by cytofluorimetry, the level of proliferation and cell death, the content of cyclins and P53 was determined by western blot. Results and Discussion . It was found that after partial hepatectomy there is a marked migration of monocytes/macrophages positive for Ly6C and CD11b markers to the liver, the migration process starts already in the first day after the operation. On the same terms there is a rise in proliferative activity of macrophages, established by Ki67 marker, the peak of proliferation - 3 days after partial hepatectomy. A significant increase in the number of dying macrophages was found early after liver resection. Conclusion . The obtained data indicate that liver regeneration in mammals on the model in mice is accompanied by proliferation migration and cell death of macrophages. Taking into account the immunophenotype of macrophages, we can conclude that Ly6C+ blood monocytes migrate to the liver, and resident macrophages participate in proliferation. The obtained data confirm the universality of the course of reparative processes in mammals.</p>Maria V. GrinbergAnastasia V. LokhoninaPolina A. VishnyakovaAndrey V. MakarovEugenia Yu. KananykhinaIrina Z. EreminaValeria V. GlinkinaAndrey V. ElchaninovTimur Kh. Fatkhudinov
Copyright (c) 2023 Grinberg M.V., Lokhonina A.V., Vishnyakova P.A., Makarov A.V., Kananykhina E.Y., Eremina I.Z., Glinkina V.V., Elchaninov A.V., Fatkhudinov T.K.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527444945810.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-449-458Experimental models of tumor growth in soft tissue sarcomas
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37172
<p style="text-align: justify;">Soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors (about 1 % of all malignant neoplasms) and include more than 70 histological subtypes, the pathogenetic features of which remain unclear. This is largely due to both quantity and volume of clinical material and high heterogeneity of the disease. Given the rarity and heterogeneity of each individual subtype of soft tissue sarcoma, there is an urgent need to develop universal model systems to understand the molecular changes that determine tumor biology. Such systems include CDX models (cell line-derived xenograft), created from cell lines, PDX (patient-derived xenograft), obtained from primary tumor/metastasis cells, both a whole fragment of surgical material and from a cell suspension; humanized animals containing various human immune cells, and GEM (genetically engineered mouse) models, which are created through transfection of genetic changes characteristic of different subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas. To create these systems, not only widely available mouse models are used, but also other animals, such as fish (Danio rerio) , rats, pigs, and dogs. Another important goal of using animal models is to screen the effectiveness of modern drugs. To date, treatment of various subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas is based on standard protocols of chemotherapy (doxorubicin, epirubicin, dacarbazine, ifosfamide) and surgical resection. In the case of inoperable forms or late stages of soft tissue sarcomas, animal models are a potential tool in predicting the effectiveness of therapy and personalized selection of treatment regimens. In this regard, studies of the mechanisms of targeted action on specific molecules and the use of humanized animals for the development of new approaches to immunotherapy are of particular relevance. The current review discusses animal model systems of the three most common types of soft tissue sarcomas: liposarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic and synovial sarcomas, as well as the use of these models to find new therapeutic solutions. Conclusion. Currently, PDX and GEM models are widely used to identify molecules and signaling pathways involved in the development of sarcomas, identify tumor-initiating cells, and assess the chemoresistance of known drugs and new drugs at the level of the entire tumor ecosystem. However, the key problems of animal models of soft tissue sarcomas remain changes in their composition and phenotype compared to the original tumor, poor survival of surgical material, and lack of cellular immunity in immunocompetent models, high cost, and the length of time it takes to create and maintain the model. A solution to one of the problems may be the use of humanized animals with PDX, which implies the presence in the model of immune, stromal and tumor components that are as close as possible to the human body.</p>Mariia S. TretyakovaUstinya A. BokovaAnastasia A. KorobeynikovaEvgeny V. Denisov
Copyright (c) 2023 Tretyakova M.S., Bokova U.A., Korobeynikova A.A., Denisov E.V.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527445946910.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-459-469Mechanisms of Regulation Allergic and Autoimmune Reactions by Bacterial Origin Bioregulators
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37173
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. The increase in allergic and autoimmune diseases observed in recent decades highlights the need for therapy and prevention, which requires detailed research into the mechanisms of their occurrence. The onset and progression of allergic and autoimmune diseases are influenced by genetic predisposition, lifestyle, environmental factors, and disruptions in the coordinated operation of the immune system, and as a consequence of immune homeostasis. Treatment of these diseases is primarily symptomatic and often accompanied by undesirable side effects. Immune system disorders in various pathologies have their own characteristics for each type of disease, and at the same time have common mechanisms. Considering the presence of a large number of various microorganisms in the human body, taking their influence into account is of paramount importance. Microorganisms are a source of biologically active molecules, the action of which can either prevent and reduce the severity of the disease or exacerbate it. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytokine profile of the effects of fragments of cell walls of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and muramyl peptide (MP), as well as nisin - an antimicrobial peptide of bacterial origin on human mononuclear cells. Materials and Methods. Mononuclear cells were obtained from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers using Cell separation media Lympholyte CL 5015, and were cultured in the presence of LPS, GMDP and bacteriocin nisin. The cytokine activity of LPS, GMDP and bacteriocin nisin was examined using the multiplex cytokine analysis; the analysis of surface markers was determined flow cytometry. Results and Discussion. It was shown that bacterial cell wall fragments to a much greater extent than nisin induce the production of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. It was established that LPS and MP increase the expression of CD11c on dendritic cells, while bacteriocin nisin does not affect the increase of CD11c+ DCs. LPS and MP in the conducted ex vivo studies did not affect the emergence of CCR7. Conclusion. Bacterial origin bioregulators trigger a negative feedback mechanism by inducing the synthesis of anti-inflammatory factors, that can prevent the inflammatory process. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the influence of bacterial origin bioregulators on the human body opens new approaches in the prevention and development of personalized therapy strategies.</p>Svetlana V. GuryanovaIlya A. SigmatulinOlga O. GiganiSofia A. Lipkina
Copyright (c) 2023 Guryanova S.V., Sigmatulin I.A., Gigani O.O., Lipkina S.A.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527447048210.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-470-482Cerebrovascular diseases epidemiology in the Stavropol region rural residents in the implementation context of the regional program «Fighting mediavascular diseases in the Stavropol region»
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37174
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. During the implementation of the program for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the Stavropol Territory, measures were taken to prevent hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, train medical personnel in methods of timely detection of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), recognition (including through training of the general population) and routing patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents; during a pandemic, opening specialized departments. This organizational experiment required an assessment of its impact on the most medically complex group of the population - rural residents. The aim was to study in dynamics the epidemic situation of CVD among the rural population in the Stavropol Territory in comparison with the Russian Federation. Materials and Methods. Information from official statistical observation forms on the incidence of CVD and mortality from them was studied. Results and Discussion. In the period from 2010 to 2022, there was an increase in the incidence of CVD in the rural population from 464.6 to 1045.1 per 100,000 rural population, which is partly due to the aging of the population, and partly due to improved diagnosis of CVD. The overall incidence of CVD increased from 1275.5 to 3416.1, which suggests an improvement in patient survival. The incidence of strokes of all types tended to decrease, which indicates the effectiveness of the impact on the risk factors for their development. The incidence of unspecified strokes decreased significantly, which led to an increase in the primary incidence of cerebral infarctions (which, however, grew more slowly in the Stavropol Territory than in the Russian Federation as a whole; the coefficients of the regression equations were 2.5 and 4.3, respectively). Between 2015 and 2022. the mortality rates (from 208.4 to 161.1) and mortality (from 5.8 to 2.8) from CVD decreased rapidly (relative to mortality from CVD in the Russian Federation). Conclusion. The proposed set of measures for the prevention and treatment of CVD, including preventive measures, a system of social mobilization, FAST-test, patient routing systems with the delivery of eligible persons to vascular centers within an hour, timely response to new risk factors for the development of CVD, was effective and can be recommended for implementation in similar areas with a high proportion of rural population.</p>Alexei Y. AbramovAlla A. MuravyevaJulia V. MikhaylovaSergey A. Sterlikov
Copyright (c) 2023 Abramov A.Y., Muravyeva A.A., Mikhaylova J.V., Sterlikov S.A.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527448349510.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-483-495Parameters and indicators selection of clinical centers in predicting the patients enrollment for clinical trials
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37175
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. Recruitment of patients and its compliance with the clinical trial protocol is one of the main goals of conducting a feasibility study before starting any clinical trial. Study feasibility is a must before starting any international multicentre clinical trial, and one of the main goals of feasibility is to find clinical centers with a suitable pool of patients for their subsequent selection and prediction of patient recruitment according to protocol requirements. Well-conducted fitness is clinical centers that recruit eligible patients in compliance with the protocol framework and the recruitment numbers proposed by the centers. After conducting fability, the patient recruitment prediction coincides with the protocol patient recruitment prediction. However, more than half of international multicenter clinical trials fail due to unsuccessful patient recruitment. A widely used method in the study of feasibility is a questionnaire and the reasons for subsequent failures in a clinical trial can be both an underestimation of the information provided in the questionnaires, and the lack of appropriate parameters and indicators, and, as a result, the selection of inappropriate clinical centers. Exposure to the subjectivity of opinion in the selection of sites also leads to poor selection of sites and, therefore, relevance in an objective and independent assessment remains. The aim of the study was to analyze the set of patients in selected clinical trials, identify set-related parameters and measures, and find a statistically significant relationship with a successful set of analyzed parameters and measures. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 4 international multicenter clinical trials of II-III phases was carried out for the recruitment of patients. The selection criterion is a successful recruitment of patients. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis, correlation analysis. Results and Discussion. Parameters and indicators were found that showed a strong statistical correlation with successful recruitment of patients in clinical centers. As a result of the study, conclusions were drawn about the need to expand the use of parameters and the ratio of parameters: instead of indicators of one parameter - the expected set of patients before inclusion in the mandatory assessment of sites is a calculated parameter, it is also necessary to additionally take into account the following parameters: type of site and initial response time in days. Conclusions. Using the proposed parameters and metrics will reduce the likelihood of failure in patient recruitment. These parameters will make it possible to evaluate clinical centers with a prediction of the number of patients and to select more qualitative clinical centers.</p>Svyatoslav S. Milovanov
Copyright (c) 2023 Milovanov S.S.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527449651410.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-496-514Abnormal methylation of PRDM16 and PTPRN2 genes in chorionic villi in miscarriage
https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37176
<p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. Abnormal epigenetic regulation of genes responsible for the development of the embryo and placenta is associated with many pregnancy pathologies. Aim. The aim of this work was to analyze the prevalence of abnormal methylation of the PRDM16 and PTPRN2 genes in chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions with normal karyotype and with the most frequent aneuploidies (trisomy 16 and monosomy X). Materials and Methods. The methylation profile was evaluated using targeted bisulfite massive parallel sequencing in chorionic villi of induced abortions (n = 10), spontaneous abortions with normal karyotype (n = 39), trisomy 16 (n = 17) and monosomy X (n = 20) and peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy volunteers (n = 6). Results and Discussion. In analyzed genes, differential methylation of individual CpG sites was found in chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions. Despite the absence of significant differences between the groups in the average level of methylation in analyzed gene regions, abnormal methylation of the PRDM16 and PTPRN2 genes were detected for 33 % and 5 % of spontaneous abortions, respectively, indicating a high incidence of epigenetic abnormalities in these genes in the chorionic villi of spontaneous abortions. The level of methylation of the PRDM16 gene significantly correlated with the level of methylation of the retrotransposon LINE-1, which indicates the generalized nature of methylation disorders in spontaneous abortions. Finally, the level of methylation of the PTPRN2 gene depended on the age of mothers of spontaneous abortions with monosomy X, which raises the question of the influence of maternal factors on the methylation profile in this group of spontaneous abortions. Conclusion. The results indicate that epigenetic disorders of the PRDM16 gene may be associated with spontaneous termination of pregnancy in the first trimester.</p>Stanislav A. VasilyevOksana Yu. VasilyevaBismark Oppong-PeprahVictoria V. DemenevaAndrey S. ZuevElena A. SazhenovaTatiana V. NikitinaEkaterina N. Tolmacheva
Copyright (c) 2023 Vasilyev S.A., Vasilyeva O.Y., Oppong-Peprah B., Demeneva V.V., Zuev A.S., Sazhenova E.A., Nikitina T.V., Tolmacheva E.N.
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2023-12-152023-12-1527451553110.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-515-531