No 4 (2014)

The article deals with the importance of the judicial reform of 1864 for the course of Alexander's modernization and analyzes the role of the judicial reforms for various aspects of life in the post-reform Russia. There is used a wide range of sources - archival materials, memoirs of contemporaries of that period, publications of periodicals. The author concludes that the judicial reform of 1864 should be considered as a significant step towards civil society. The analysis of the sources shows that the judicial reform of 1864 contributed to the increase in the protection of human rights and freedoms. The activities of new courts changed the public consciousness - in the society there was growing representation of rule of law, necessity to respect the rights and freedoms of others, to meet obligations. The judicial reform played a major role in the process of merging classes, the development of market relations. Thus, the introduction of the controversial independent public trial not only improved the justice, but was also an important step in the formation of civil society in Russia.

The article reveals the problems of interaction between the authorities and the upper class of the Russian Empire during the period of the 60-70s of the XIXth century. The author considers the changing attitude of the nobility to the government policy from the emancipation of serfs till the end of Alexander II’s reign, examines the way of the government reacting to the signals of the upper class. Actively involving the nobility in the implementation of the reforms in the regions, the authorities for a long time refused to consider the issue of its participation in the establishment and functioning of the central representative authority. At the same time, the nobility couldn’t rely on its own independent efforts to remain in the position of the first class. It asked the authorities for support and help. From then on, the nobility no longer played the role of an active subject of policy in its relations with the supreme power, and soon became an object of government action and care.

This article deals with the welfare of members of the Russian state-farm society as representatives of the state system of agriculture. There are considered such problems as material support of employees of state farms, property differentiation, theft. The author shows that during that period the welfare of employees of Russian state farms considerably changed for the better. In the early 1930s employees of state farms had great financial problems, whereas in the 1950s state farms showed rather high welfare of members of the state-farm society. In the state-farm community there was differentiation on welfare which generally depended on belonging of workers to this or that professional category. Thanks to high level of the social mobility provided with social promotion (education, also at the expense of state farms, party joining, hard work), everyone had a real possibility of achievement of higher financial level.

The article was written for the 235 th anniversary of the State University of Land Use Planning and the 200th anniversary of the entry of Russian troops into Paris. The first Russian special land measuring educational institution was created in 1779 - it was Konstantinovsky land measuring school, later it was called Emperor Constantine land measuring institute. At present the State University of Land Use Planning is the oldest university in Russia after Lomonosov MSU and it marks its 235 th anniversary. In the history of every nation there are events and dates, which nurture the feeling of national pride. Obviously such great events were the Patriotic war of 1812 and following foreign campaigns of Russian troops which ended in 1814 by capturing of Paris and overthrow of Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte. The important role in the final victory over Napoleon, which occurred 200 years ago, was played by outstanding representatives of the Moscow land surveying school. Many of them took an active part in the battles against the enemy from Borodino to Paris. This is the subject of the article.

The article examines the main directions of development of legal education in Russian and foreign universities and legal departments of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the "educational immigration" when, due to various reasons from Russia traveled thousands of young men and women to study at European universities. In this regard, the author analyzes the four streams of student immigration to Europe, which cover the period from the beginning of the 1860s until 1914. The author emphasizes that the outflow of young people in the universities of Europe was so great that in the European countries have begun to express concern about "dominance" of immigrants from the Russian Empire. In this regard, the article shows the introduction of the Russian youth stringent restrictive measures. Next to specific material creates in Russian and foreign universities in various legal organizations of Russian students and proved that a considerable part of Russian students, educated in European universities, intellectually bound intellectuals Russia and Europe.

The article analyzes the process of the higher education system in the Volga German Autonomous SSR in 1920-1930. The main aim of the work is to examine the basic assumptions and key moments of opening higher education institutions for the training of professional managerial personnel for the party apparatus of the republic, teaching staff for schools, professionals in the field of agriculture as well as places of compact settlement of Germans in the Soviet Union. Among other things are the difficulties faced by the universities of German autonomy in the period of its activity, namely the lack of funding, facilities and premises for training, lack of qualified personnel to teach in their native language, lack of students. This study led to the conclusion that most of all the described processes were characteristic of the education system throughout the country. And the Soviet government, taking into account national peculiarities and economic needs of the republic, acted aggressively to set up a clear structure of the Soviet educational institutions by expanding the network of national institutions with instruction in the native language.

The article deals with the experience of the Russian empire of the 19 th century in creating the conditions for social activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. The author describes such types of the Russian Orthodox Church activities aimed at helping those in need as helping the poor, coordinating the work of poor-houses, collecting donations, supporting parochial schools, poor houses, orphanages, hospitals, construction and reconstruction of churches. The author analyzes the role of the parochial patronages in the charity and social service activities, as well as in the moral and spiritual education of the population. The work of the well-known members of the clergy which forms a part of the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian history in general is given as an example of the above mentioned activities. The article extensively covers the responsibilities of parish priests, the difficulties which they come across, and highlights the reasons for the negative attitude towards the clergy in the late 19 th - early 20 th centuries. The author summarizes the historical lessons of the social activity of the Russian Orthodox Church. The article provides grounds for the opinion that the social activities of the Church should not interfere with its main religious functions, and the partnership of the state and the Russian Orthodox Church in the social projects should contribute to the improvement of people’s life and their moral and spiritual growth.

The article deals with the problems of historiography of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic. The analysis enabled to classify available sources on this subject by the functional-specific criterion -a source and a data carrier, that is the way of its fixing, comprising three principal types of sources: written (text), cartographical and audiovisual. The information potential of available sources on the armed conflict history in Chechen Republic is not limited to certain subjects and promotes disclosing of such aspects of the conflict as: - stages (the first campaign, the second campaign, the counterterrorism operation); - opposition methods (active and passive); - opposition forms (collective and individual); - system of military-political management of territory; - scale and intensity of clashes; - a complex of actions of the state peace-making policy and feature of its realization; - specificity of participation of separate groups of the population; - regional aspect of events (on the scale of separate settlement, area etc.) - conflict history in persons; - problems of the thematic literature.