Editor-in-Chief: Marina N. Moseykina, Doctor of Science (History), Professor ISSN: 2312-8674 (Print) ISSN: 2312-8690 (Online) Founded in 2002. Publication frequency: quarterly PUBLISHER: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) Open Access: . APC: no article processing charge Peer-Review: double blind. Publication language: Russian, English Indexation: White List, Web of Science Core Collection's Emerging Sources Citation Index, Scopus (Q2 SJR), Russian Index of Science Citation, ANVUR(10)s, Google Scholar, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, WorldCat, Cyberleninka, DOAJ, Dimensions, ResearchBib, Lens, Research4Life, JournalTOCs
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)
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Publishing Agreement (Public Offer) to Publish an Article in an Academic Periodical 'RUDN Journal of Russian History' The Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN University), represented by the Vice-Rector for Scientific Work Andrey Aleksandrovich Kostin, acting under a Power of Attorney No 0044-09/20-198 dated 29.07.2020, hereinafter referred to as the Publisher, on the one hand, hereby offers to the public at large, hereinafter referred to as the Author, on the other hand, hereinafter collectively referred to as the Parties, to enter into this agreement, hereinafter referred to as the Agreement, regarding publication of scholarly materials, hereinafter referred to as the Article, in the Journal named 'RUDN Journal of Russian History', hereinafter referred to as the Journal, under the following terms. 1. General Terms and Conditions 1.1. 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The Offer Acceptance means a complete and irrevocable acceptance of the Offer under the terms specified in Clause 3 hereof (the Author accepts the Offer by submitting an application to the Publisher, i.e. by uploading the Article along with support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the respective section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/russian-history/author/submit/1 on the Internet). The Journal means an academic periodical named 'RUDN Journal of Russian History'. The Application means an electronic request of the Author addressed to the Publisher for publishing the Article in the Journal by uploading the Article and support materials onto the network electronic system of the article acquisition for review available at the relevant section of the Journal's site at URL: http://journals.rudn.ru/index.php/russian-history/author/submit/1 on the Internet). 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The processing of personal data shall be understood to mean any handing (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, refinement (update, alteration), use, distribution (including transfer to third parties), depersonalization, blocking and deletion of personal data in accordance with the effective Russian Federation legislation. 10.5. Where permitted by the Russian Federation legislation, the Author is entitled to withdraw his/her consent to processing of personal data as listed in Clause 10.3 by forwarding a respective notice to the Publisher. Upon receipt of such notice, the Publisher has a right to suspend services. 10.6. The Author will, on a goodwill basis, submit his/her details (and details of each Co-Author subject to their prior consent) to the Journal's Editorial Office consisting of his/her: last name, first name, patronymic, academic rank, academic degree, job title, employer details (name and mailing address), work phone number and e-mail address for the purpose of its general publication in the Journal along with the Article. 11. Registered Address and Particulars of the Publisher Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba” (RUDN University) Address: 6 Mikluho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation TIN 7728073720, CRR 772801001, PSRN 1027739189323. Vice Rector for Scientific Work A.A. Kostin
Solombala Admiralty Settlement in 1850-1861: Demographic Aspects of the History of a Military Parish
The author examines the demographic and medical aspects of the existence of the military parish of the Transfiguration Naval Cathedral in the Solombala Admiralty settlement, a parish church for military personnel and officials of the Military and Naval Departments of the Russian Empire and members of their families. The source base is archival documents (above all, parish registers), as well as official statistical handbooks on the settlement. There is essentially no other historiography on this subject. The article is interdisciplinary and utilizes historical demography, examining the birth rate, number of marriages, and mortality statistics for 1850, 1855, 1860, and 1861. There is also data on postmortem diagnoses with an analysis of the recording system. As a result of the analysis of parish registers and other sources, the author concludes that the military parish of the Solombala Transfiguration Naval Cathedral was demographically different from the population of the Solombala Admiralty settlement, since the parishes were divided, and separate statistics were kept for each of them. In addition to the demographic statistics, there were statistics of post-mortem diagnoses for the years under review, which makes it possible to identify disease outbreaks for each year.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manvelov N.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
History of Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory though the Context of Changing Technological Paradigms, 1918-2024
The authors present the retrospective analysis of the century-long history of the Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory, the oldest Russian enterprise that utilized a full resource cycle of seaweed processing. The study is relevant in the context of the current challenges of import substitution and ecologization of industrial production. The subject of the study is the patterns and features of the development of the enterprise based on renewable sea-based natural resources; the object of the study is the activity of the Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory, and the article covers the full production cycle from seaweed harvesting to output. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the long-term economic dynamics of the factory through the concept of technological paradigms of Kondratieff (Kondratyev)-PeresGlazyev. For this purpose, the authors identified the periods of technological history and the specifics of the technological development of the enterprise. The information base of the study includes documents from the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk region, reports of the Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory, scientific publications, and digital resources. These resources are used as part of a time-series and comparative analysis. The authors developed the periodization of the century-long economic history of the Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory based on the concept of technological paradigms, and through this process, it is shown that the development of the enterprise from artisan to modern post-industrial production. The authors reveal contradictions between the production base and resource base, which determined the need for technological transformation, and the conducted research demonstrates the importance of the transition to nature-compatible technologies (plantation cultivation of seaweed), and the ecologization of production. The authors come to the conclusion that the unique role of the Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory was an example of successful import substitution, transformation of technological paradigms, and adaptation to the challenges of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pilyasov A.N., Buzhinskaya A.A., Saburov A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transformation of Traditional Natural Resource Management in the Russian North in 1900s - Early 1930s: Based on Materials of Arkhangelsk Society of Local History
The authors examine the main directions of research on the traditional economic activities of the population of the Russian North and attempts of their modernization in the 1920s - early 1930s. The aim of the study is to identify the nature of the transformation of traditional resource use amid a new stage of industrial development in the North. The research is based on archival materials from the Arkhangelsk Society of Regional Studies, documents of regional authorities, and local periodicals. The traditional means of livelihood for the population of Arkhangelsk Province in early 20th century are briefly characterized, highlighting the significant impact of aquatic and forest resources on the socioeconomic development of the region. The activities of the societies for regional studies, which played an important role in studying the region’s economy and developing measures for the growth of traditional industries, are analyzed. The difficult economic situation after the Civil War sparked interest among the new authorities and the expert community in the traditional occupations of the population, seen as a resource for overcoming the food crisis, restoring and developing industry. Key areas for the modernization of traditional trades included their technical and technological re-equipment, as well as the cooperation of resource users. Trades connected to industrial production (such as the forest chemical and fishing industries) received priority support. There were attempts to introduce new types of activities as part of traditional industries, such as the harvesting of seaweed for iodine production. The process of collectivization that unfolded at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, in the context of the transition to a planned economy, effectively marked the end of economic independence and individuality for the resource-dependent population of the Russian North.
Copyright (c) 2025 Teterevleva T.P., Shurupova E.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transformation of Mutual Perception of Russians and Norwegians in the Context of Soviet-Norwegian Relations in Late 1980s: Based on Materials of Newspapers “Pravda” and “Aftenposten”
The author analyzes a number of factors that influenced the change in the perception between the countries, including the political reforms in the USSR, such as “perestroika,” as well as the influence of the international situation on bilateral relations. Based on the study of materials from the Soviet newspaper “Pravda” and the Norwegian newspaper “Aftonbladet,” an investigation revealed signs of a change in mutual stereotypes, as well as the transformation of rhetoric in official statements and media. The author in their article examines the beginning of the process of forming mutual trust and respect between the two countries, despite historical contradictions in the late 1980s. The period is considered a key one for the formation of new approaches to bilateral relations, which became possible against the background of the political changes in the USSR and developing economic processes. The study contributes to the understanding of not only Soviet - Norwegian relations, but also broader processes of integration and interaction between different peoples in the context of political transformation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaretskaya O.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formation of Political Discourse of Orthodox Western Russian Clergy during January Uprising of 1863
The author examines the regional characteristics of the Polish separatist uprising of 1863 (January Uprising) in the territory of Lithuania and Belarus, a territory which was part of Western Russia at the time. The general goals of the uprising aimed at separating the Kingdom of Poland and Western Russia from the Russian state, and its regional Western Russian characteristics had a direct impact on the formation of the political discourse of the Orthodox clergy and their conceptual output. The special role played in the uprising by the politicized Roman Catholic clergy determined the content of those concepts and the ideological values of the component of discourse used by them. An important role in the religious and political propaganda of the Polish Catholic clergy was played through the issue of restoring the Uniate Church of Western Russia, which had been abolished at the Synod of Polotsk in 1839. The Western Russian Orthodox clergy, which mainly consisted of former Uniates, turned out to be an attractive subject for such propaganda. The propaganda arguments in favor of restoring the union were accompanied by threats, violence, and murders of Orthodox priests. The response to the actions of the separatists was a political discourse, the main concepts of which were formed by Metropolitan Joseph (Semashko) of Lithuania, who had previously belonged to the union. The historical basis of the discourse was the conceptual ideas of N.G. Ustryalov, who considered the history of Russia as all-Russian, including the history of Western Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that the main concepts of the political discourse were “Russian nationality” and the unity of Western Russian Orthodoxy (political, ecclesiastical, and ethnic) with the Russian monarchy, the Russian Church, and the Russian people. The political discourse of the Western Russian clergy found expression in church services, publications of the church press, sermons, and overt actions to support the policies of Alexander II.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bendin A.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contours of V.N. Khitrovo’s Worldview: on Genesis of Religious-Political Concept
The article is devoted to Vasily Nikolaevich Khitrovo, the founder of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, a renowned Palestine scholar and statesman of Russia. The author considers the problem of the formation of the foundations of V.N. Khitrovo’s worldview, which has been insufficiently studied in historiography. Based on Khitrovo’s memoirs and works, the stages of the formation of the Palestine scholar’s worldview have been reconstructed, and the factors in its development have been determined. The starting point of his worldview formation was the 1860s, when he worked in the Naval Ministry of the Russian Empire under the supervision of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov. At that time, the contours of the statesman’s worldview were initially formed: an understanding of the scope of the state tasks of the presence in the Holy Land, and the cult of science, which made it possible to improve the conditions of people’s lives. Another source of the Palestine scholar’s worldview was Orthodoxy learned from the family. The decisive factor in shaping V.N. Khitrovo’s holistic religious concept was during the 1870s, when the confessional penetration of the West into the Holy Land accelerated. At the turn of the 1880s, in the internal policy of the Russian Empire, there was a growth of conservative religious tendencies, and the church became an instrument of state policy. V.N. Khitrovo’s political ideal was tied to Byzantism, according to which the true defender of Orthodoxy is Russia, as the spiritual successor of Byzantium.
Copyright (c) 2025 Blokhin V.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Moscow Agricultural Academy in Formation and Development of Soviet Agricultural Science and Higher Agricultural Education
The authors in their article determine the role and place of the Timiryazev Academy in the broader system of Soviet science and education. The source base of the study is materials from Russian archives and personal files of the Academy employees from the funds of the Museum of History of the Academy. The study is based on historical-chronological, source, and biographical methodology. The authors analyze the history of the Timiryazev Academy activity, demonstrating its successes, achievements, as well as problems and difficulties that arose from the point of view of fulfilling the state tasks for the training of qualified personnel for the agricultural sector of the economy and the formation and development of agricultural science in the USSR. This approach demonstrates the capabilities of agricultural universities and showing their effectiveness. The result of the study is the creation of the periodization of the history of the Soviet-era Timiryazev Academy, the wording of the names of each period: early Soviet, reorganization, military, restoration and virgin lands, and stabilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Orishev A.B., Mironiuk S.A., Pozdnyakova A.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
“Friendly Relations” of Great Rulers Stefan III of Moldavia and Ivan III of Moscow
The author in their article focuses on the analysis of the causes and nature of the relations between Russia and Moldavia in the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries, as well as their influence on the development of state ideology in Russia. This issue is usually not given much attention when historians consider the history of the unified Muscovite state during the reign of Ivan III. The issue of creating an alliance between the Muscovite and Moldavian monarchs remains a hotly debated subject of scholarly discussion, and the influence that the actions of Stephen III and his positioning toward Muscovy is often underestimated when analyzing the beginning of the creation of Russia’s new state ideology. The author analyzes the attempts of Moldavian ruler Stephen III the Great to create an antiOttoman alliance with the ruler of all Rus’ Ivan III. They conclude that the Moldavian monarch failed to achieve his goal, and at that time, based on the priorities of Russia’s interests, the Muscovite sovereign used interaction with Moldavia to his great advantage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chernikova T.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring Possibilities of Colonization of Pacific Northwest by Russia, Great Britain and Spain in the 18th Century
The authors consider different assessments of the history of the northwest coast of America, now the territory of the south of Alaska and the west coast of Canada. For a long time, this territory was an arena of struggle between the great powers. In general, in Russian historiography, this issue is poorly studied. The author in their article pays attention to such factors and reasons for the European colonization of the New World and early discoveries of the Pacific coast of North America as climate change, fashion trends, environmental resources, etc. The importance of the fur trade for the process of colonization of the region under study is also shown. The authors conclude that it is appropriate to consider the history of the coast of Alaska and the west coast of Canada through the prism of frontier history, taking into account the regional features of the civilizational model of British colonialism and the broader international relations of the period. The peculiarities of the period under study are the activation of Spain’s policy and its claims to the entire Pacific coast, even when there had been no settlements under Madrid, and in turn attitude of the British to Madrid’s stance. The formation of the western border in the north of America by the British was facilitated by the search for a mythical northern route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, and during this process, important geographical discoveries were made. The work is part of a series of articles by the authors, which are devoted to the history of the struggle for the territory in the northwest of America up to the early 1870s.
Copyright (c) 2025 Petrov A.Y., Troitskaia L.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soviet Defectors in Germany after World War II
The article is devoted to the phenomenon of defectors from the Soviet Union in the first years after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The article is based on documents from the Archive of War, Revolution and Peace of the Hoover Institution (Stanford, USA), the Bakhmetev Archive of Russian and East European Culture of Columbia University (New York, USA), the Archive of the Center for East European Studies of the University of Bremen (Germany), etc. The author shows that Germany was the most important center where significant flows of defectors were directed. It is proven that one of the most noticeable groups of defectors were soldiers and officers of the Soviet troops stationed in post-war Germany. The situation of defectors in the Russian diaspora after World War II, their relations with representatives of the “second wave” of emigration from the USSR are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the 1st conference of post-war political refugees (Hamburg, September 1951), it was established that it did not lead to the consolidation of defectors . The article devotes considerable space to the problem of the perception of the West and its foreign policy of the Cold War era by the defectors , and proves that they repeatedly subjected it to harsh criticism. The article proves that a number of defectors broke with anti-communist émigré organizations and decided to return to the Soviet Union. The author concludes that the reason for this was the disappointment of many defectors in the values of Western democracy, their critical attitude toward the spiritual atmosphere within Western societies and toward the US political elite.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antoshin A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Soviet Specialists in Formation of Higher Education System of the PRC: the Case of Northeast Agricultural University in Harbin
The author in their article examines the role of Soviet specialists in the development of the higher education system of the People’s Republic of China in the 1950s through the example of the Northeast Agricultural University in Harbin. From 1952 to 1959, Soviet experts made a significant contribution to the development of curricula, organization of research activities, and personnel training, laying the foundation for the modernization of agricultural education in China. The authors analyze the activities of key Soviet specialists, such as P.D. Tretyakov (agricultural technology), A.S. Khrustalyov (veterinary science), and P.F. Dyachenko (dairy technology), whose works contributed to the introduction of best practices and the creation of new faculties. Particular attention in this article is paid to the translation of Soviet textbooks into Chinese, the development of curricula, and the organization of research laboratories. The study is based on archival materials from the Museum of History of the Northeast Agricultural University, Chinese publications, and previously unstudied documents. The authors conclude that Soviet - Chinese cooperation in the field of education not only strengthened the PRC academic base but also laid the foundation for a tradition of international partnership that continues in modern projects such as the Alliance of Universities of Northeast China and the Far East.
Copyright (c) 2025 Steblyanskaya A.N., Vasiev M.P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Soyan Tribal Group: History of Settlement and Border Issues from the 17th Century to the 1940s
The ethnographic study of tribal groups is of great importance for understanding the history of an entire people. Such studies allow for a deeper understanding of the origin, formation, and interaction of different ethnic communities. In this article, based on the published documents and archival materials in Russian and Mongolian, an attempt by the author is made to reconstruct the history of the settlement of the Soyan tribal group of Tuvans. There is also an attempt to examine the related territorial dispute with the Mongols, which lasted through the 1930s and 1940s. It is shown that from the 17th century, the Soyans roamed over the vast territory of the Sayan Range and at different times paid tribute to the Altyn Khans, Dzungars, and Russians. Afterwards, the Soyans appeared in the south-western part of Tuva. In the mid-18th century, the Dorbets were resettled from the Ili and Tarbagatai regions to the vicinity of Ulaangom, which led to the displacement of the Soyans to the foothills of Tannu-Ola. Subsequently, by complaining to the Uliasutai Jian-Jun about the lack of pastures, the Tuvans obtained permission to roam in the Khan-Khokhii Range; in addition, territorial disputes, which had deep historical roots have periodically arisen between the Mongols and Tuvans. During the Qing rule, decisions were made by higher authorities (Uliasutai Jian-jun, and the Chamber of Foreign Relations), hopefully taking into account the opinions of all parties. The Tuvan People’s Republic and the Mongolian People’s Republic handled the border issue through more organized treaties, including with the participation of the USSR. The author concludes that the border issue between the Mongols and Tuvans was initially handled within the framework of the vertical management system of the Qing, but due to the protracted nature of the conflict and the change in the political landscape, this issue was transformed through a new format of interstate relations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samdan A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Resettlement of Little Russian Cossacks to North-Eastern Coast of the Black Sea in 1820-1830s
The author in their article provides a comprehensive analysis of the available materials on the organization of the resettlement of Little Russian Cossacks to the Anapa fortress in their quest to consolidate newly acquired territories. The example of the settlement of Anapa demonstrates both the capabilities of the Russian authorities to organize the movement of major population groups and the barriers to the implementation of the developed projects. The author determines the features of the resettlement of Little Russian Cossacks to the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea as part of the imperial policy on the settlement and development of the lands of the Northwest Caucasus in the 1820-1830s. It is shown through the project that the resettlement of Little Russian Cossacks encountered serious obstacles. The high cost of its implementation prevented resettling all the Cossack families, and the disorderly life in the Anapa fortress slowed down the development of agriculture, crafts, industry, and trade. The outskirts and frontier position of Anapa hindered communication with other ports. The author concludes that despite the general failure of the project to develop the lands of the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea, the Anapa fortress remained an outpost of the Russian Empire by attracting population from other provinces for several more decades. The accumulated experience of resettling Little Russian Cossacks and the paperwork on this issue were used in developing new plans in the 1830-1850s for resettling Don, Black Sea, Azov Cossacks, as well as state peasants and traders to Anapa.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shapovalov S.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Russian Geographical Studies of the Black Sea Region in 1800s - Early 1850s
The authors in their article reveals the key areas and results of geographical research of the Black Sea region in the 1800s - early 1850s. Based on archival materials and historical and geographical research, the authors illustrate that this stage of research was characterized by the intensive development of mapping, hydrography, and historical toponymy, due to the geopolitical interests of the Russian Empire. The authors analyze the role of marine expeditions led by F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, E.P. Manganari, and other major researchers of this region. The works of these researchers made it possible to clarify the coastline, depths, currents, and areas of the Black Sea dangerous for navigation, a feat which was crucial for the safety of navigation, particularly the navy. The growing tension in international relations, the Russo-Turkish wars of the first half of the XIXth century, and in particular, the Caucasus War led to an increase in Russia’s marine geographical exploration in the region. The authors highlight the significant contribution of the researchers of the first half of the 19th century in historical geography and toponymy, as scientists and officers recorded ancient names of settlements, comparing them with ancient and medieval sources as well as modern popular names, which also contributed to the academic study of the region. Geographical studies of the Black Sea in the first half of the 19th century were comprehensive, combining scientific, military-political, and economic objectives. The results obtained laid the foundation for further exploration of the region and strengthened Russia’s position in the Northern Black Sea region against the backdrop of rivalry with Turkey and Western European countries. In addition, Russian studies of the Black Sea region contributed to the formation of the domestic geographical school. In particular, the maps and atlases drawn up during the expeditions, as well as descriptions and photographs of objects in the Black Sea, served as the basis for subsequent research and study, which is still partially relevant today. The Black Sea geographical studies of the first half of the 19th century, especially those conducted in the 1840s - early 1850s, played a major role in the development of overall geographical science in the region. They demonstrated the importance of combining military-practical objectives and scientific knowledge in the context of the complex foreign policy situation and wars of Russia fought throughout the first half of the 19th century.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ierusalimskiy Y.Y., Ierusalimskaya S.Y., Amanov S.F. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transfer of Russian Officers Serving in the Armenian Army, and Armenian Officers in the Armed Forces of Southern Russia in 1918-1920
The authors consider the history of the transfer of Russian officers who served in the Armenian army, and Armenian officers who served in the armed forces of Southern Russia from 1918 to 1920. The article is based on archival sources, primarily the documents stored in the National Archive of Armenia and memoirs of military and political figures of that time. It is shown that during this period, at the very height of the Civil War in Russia, there were close military-political and military-technical ties between the First Republic of Armenia and the armed forces of Southern Russia. At the same time, the army of the Republic of Armenia acted in accordance with the traditions of the Tsarist army. In particular, it inherited its structure (general staff, administration), military ranks, and military regulations. Despite the fact that the Republic of Armenia was not legally recognized, both sides appointed their own military representatives to reach other, which contributed to the strengthening of their relationship. The authors come to the conclusion that from 1918 to 1920, an effort was carried out to recruit the Russian military personnel remaining in Armenia for the armed forces of Southern Russia. As a result of there was a policy of Armenization by the armed forces of the First Republic of Armenia, as hundreds of ethnic Russian officers left Armenia and joined the armed forces of Southern Russia. At the same time, there was an effort to return to their homeland the Armenian officers and soldiers serving in the armed forces of Southern Russia, so that they could continue their service in the army of the Republic of Armenia. As a result of the negotiations, several thousand Armenian servicemen were allowed to return to their homeland.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazaryan H.V., Virabyan V.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0