Vol 22, No 2 (2018)

Abstract. The conditions for the applicability of the classical logic of statements to philosophical reasonings are investigated. This research is carried out within the framework of various semantics for many-valued logics. As the latter, the semantics of many-valued logics, the meta-theory of Zinoviev’s truth values, the elementary theory of truth and falsehood operators were considered.

In the meta-theory of logical semantics, in which semantics are constructed for many-valued logics, classical logic is hold. In this meta-theory, the theory of J-operators (introduced by Rosser and Turquette) is used. The theory of J-operators is part of the meta-theory of logical semantics. A semantic statement of the form “P haves the value v^k” meaningfully corresponds to the formula J_k(P). It is shown that for classical object-language formulas P, for which the condition (P takes a designated value or P takes an anti-designated value), classical logic takes place.

The synthesizing approach in A. Zinoviev’s studies and constructions led to the fact that he combined logic, ontology and methodology into a unified science, in which the first are its aspects. Only in the process of exposition, he distinguishes in it three parts: 1) basic logic, 2) logical ontology, and 3) logical methodology. This is a radical difference from the approaches of D. Hilbert and A. Tarski separating the object-language from the metalanguage, semantics from the syntax.

The elementary theory of truth and falsehood operators was also considered, which was founded in the Boole-Frege semantics, generalized to the non-classical case. It is shown that for the formula of the object language P for which the condition (informally expressed) is satisfied, the formula P is either true or false, then for it there is a classical two-valued logic.

It is noted that the conditions considered are close to the definitions of the utterance in natural language.

In this paper is considered the main arguments of the deflationary concept of truth: the approaches of A. Tarski, W.V. Quine, H. Putnam and some others. Here are presented two representative examples of the elimination of truth as the value of the proposition: the concept of “languages games” by L. Witgenstein and “constructive empiricism” by B. van Fraassen. It is revealed that the statement “there are no true statements” is self-predictive and leads to absurdity. It is demonstrated that the elimination of “truth” from epistemology will require, with necessity, the elimination of “false” also. It is shown, that when we try to get answer on the question “Can a “false sentence”, understood as a “not true” sentence, i.e. р, has the same denotation on which it denotes (not be true)” a paradox arises, which calls “psematic” from the Greek word ψέματα (false). The essence of the paradox is that “every false sentence denotes false” denotes every false sentence denoting false, if and only if, “every false sentence denoting false” is not every true sentence denoting the truth. The result is: a) if “every false sentence denoting false” itself is not every true sentence denoting the truth, then, by the definition of “every false sentence denoting false”, it is not a sentence denoting false . And vice versa: b) If “every false sentence denoting false” itself is every true sentence denoting the truth, then, consequently, it is “every false sentence denoting false” and it is a sentence denoting false. In any case, it turns out that the proposition “false sentences denote false”, simultaneously have the sign that they designate and do not have it. It was found that “truth” has an autological nature, and “false” has heterological one.

The article is devoted to the study of value orientations system in modern society in the context of globalization and intercultural communication in the open, informational world. The understanding of values and value dynamics is based on the possibilities of the existential-axiological approach, which in this case is used to study traditional and liberal (emancipative) values. The methodology of the study is represented by an existential approach to understanding values and by the method developed by R. Welzel C. Inglehart, for the study of modern sociocultural and political values. A comparative approach was implied to the study of the individual and social values of several European countries and Russia. The study has been done on the basis of a secondary analysis of the World Values Survey results. The sample included population of Russia and the European countries that participated in the WVS. The survey examined the population’s attitude to religion, family, work, political life, health, etc. Based on these data, features of manifestation of the European traditional, secular-rational and self-expression values are shown. The data in the European countries, gathered by the World Values Survey and the study of Happiness Index in 2016, were correlated. The author concludes that countries with a high Happiness Index show the high level of emancipative values. At the same time, it was revealed that some traditional values play an important role in the modern system of human values and are in a hybrid relationship with liberal landmarks. The values of self-expression turned out to be related to the existential security of a person in the conditions of crisis of a family as a social institution and weakening of social ties in postindustrial societies.

The currency of the research consists in the necessity if rethinking of the notion of culture in Russian contemporary thought in order to present more adequately the process of development of culture in a future. The paper aims to elucidate political origins of the movement of Proletarian culture that play the leading role in a creation of a new conception of culture. As a materials were used documents and archives, scientific paper of Russian and foreign researchers. As a maim method was used problematic-analytical reconstruction, explored in the framework of an enactive approach that allows to envelop the subject in its evolvement and to concentrate on concrete practical situations of its realization. Such reconstruction permits to accomplish the original interpretation of the problem. The authors focus in the pre-history of the movement. Analyzing the social-political context of the origin of the movement, the authors come to the conclusion about artificially created necessity of political enlightenment of the society by the revolutionaries. The paper demonstrates how agents of proletarian working circles manipulate by the public opinion of working class. As a result, the paper shows the process of formation the ideology of cultural movement revolutionary period and evaluates significance of ideological function in its realization. The authors produce critical evaluation of the history of the movement in original judgment about political grounding of culture.

The main contents of the article are an analysis of the speculative (Hegelian) dialectic of the relations of the European world and Russia interpreted as the universal and specific moments of the Christian idea. Taking as a basis the dialectic of history, the authors claim that in its movement to the concrete universality of the Christian idea the “European humanity” (Husserl) discovers within itself its own negativity, its Other (Russia). Through this Other the European spirit mediates itself, sublates the moment of abstract universality of the rationalism of the understanding which is characteristic of the time of Enlightenment (“modernity”, “industrialism”) and enters the “posthistorical” epoch of concrete universality of the global Christianity postindustrial civilization. This Other of the spiritual Europe (or the West as a whole) is Russia whose historical destiny was connected with the acceptance of Eastern European mentality (Russia as a “post-Byzantine” component of the united European Christian humanity) and its grandiose culture. While grasping European spirit, Russia found itself in a constant military-political and ideological “struggle against the West”, starting with the clash with the 13th century Teutonic knights or the 17th century Polish interveners and finishing with the “Cold War” and contemporary Ukraine crisis. The authors claim that the above said dialectical controversy between Europe and Russia has achieved its final tension and has come close to its spiritual overcoming (sublation, reconciliation, negation of negation) out it itself. The result of this process shall be a really universal Europe within whose frames Russia will be able to acquire its “positively reasonable” status.

The article shows the continuity in the development of key ideas J.J. Rousseau in the works of Immanuel Kant on the nature of morality and its relation to public morality, the nature of the moral sense and the role of ethics for education. It is shown the main achievements and limitations of the methodological approach by J.J. Rousseau and those aspects of his position that I. Kant developed by their dialectical negation with preservation of the continuity of all the best. Our research involves analysis of primary sources and critical literature. The dialectical method synthesized with the hermeneutical method. The hermeneutical method allows us to understand the system of Rousseau and Kant in their entirety and at the same time to point out the most significant aspects of these theoretical systems. The dialectical method revealed contradictions in the ideas of Rousseau, which prompted Kant to continue these ideas, but already on other grounds. The article discusses how Rousseau influenced Kant in determining the nature of morality through the definition of the essence of the moral law. But at the same time the article shows the differences in the understanding of the moral feeling in Kant and Rousseau: according to Kant, it has its source in pure practical reason, while, according to Rousseau, moral feeling has its source in compassion to the human race (human nature). The conclusion to the article is the statement that major discoveries of Kant in the fields of theoretical reason and of practical reasons were directly prepared by Rousseau, but Kant resolve the contradictions in the attitude of the great “citizen of Geneva”.

The paper deals with some religious and philosophical ideas of the Austrian philosopher Gerhard Oberhammer, who analyses the religious text of vishishta-advaita tradition from the point of Levinas’ philosophy. Oberhammer shows on the base of “Sharanagatigadya” his method of religious hermeneutics which helps us to investigate this text in the new way. The Austrian philosopher uses this text, which is rather difficult to be investigated and usually is neglected by the other scholars, just to apply the new hermeneutical algorithms of reading it. “Sharanagatigadya” looks more as a vaishnava prayer not as religious treatise or something like that and of course needs some new hermeneutical procedures to be understood in a right manner.

The works of Schleiermacher is devided into two parts: works on hermeneutics and works devoted to the philosophy of religion and theology. Researchers of Scheleiermacher’s philosophy usually concentrate only on the one part. That leads to separation between two parts of Schleiermacher’s philosophical system. Religion, according to Schleiermacher, referes to specific sphere of human life, the sphere of sense. That religious sense Schleiermacher calls the sense of infinite. However, one cannot feel that sense without expressing it into outside world. Dogmatics is didactic form of the expression of religious sense. This article is devoted to connection between hermeneutics and religion, which expresses itself through dogmatics. The author claims that dogmatics in Schleiermscher religious system is the way of expressing personal religious feeling to other people. So it is the way of exposion and expression of individual sense through the system of symbols and concepts.