Germans and Poles in Medical Service in Altai Cities in 19th - Early 20th Century: Reconstruction of Professional and Social Activities

Full text / tables, figures

Introduction

Relevance. In the late 19^th – early 20^th centuries, the Russian Empire experienced a severe shortage of medical personnel, and in Siberia particularly the development of the healthcare was aggravated by its remoteness from the central authorities. The Altai (mining) district, which was part of the Tomsk Governorate and enjoyed a special “mining” status until 1896, also had its own specific character of medical care. Altai was one of the regions that was characterized by its gradual inclusion into the socio-cultural sphere of the Russian Empire, which was manifested, among other things, was held back by a belated spread of reforms. This factor, along with a lack of funding, complicated the development of medical care and led to a severe shortage of medical personnel in Altai cities in the 19^th – early 20^th century. Under these circumstances, it was doctors of German and Polish descent that played a significant role; they proposed innovative forms of medical care organization and shaped the development of medicine in the region.

The author through their article reveals the contribution of representatives of ethnic communities to the development of the medical sphere in the cities of Altai, which can be traced back to the establishment of medical service at Altai factories. The methodological basis of the research is a personalized approach, which, on the one hand, involves studying the biographies, professional service, and public activities of doctors, and, on the other hand, allows for the tracing of the contribution of individuals, including representatives of ethnic communities, to the development of the medical sphere in Altai.

In general, before the opening of the first hospital school in the early 18th century, Russia did not train its own medical personnel, and instead, foreign specialists were normally brought in. Therefore, the employment of doctors of foreign origin was not unique throughout the Russian Empire, including the Altai mining district. Studying the specifics of the formation of certain professional communities based on ethnic societies is a relevant area of research. The development of the medical training system in Russia contributed to an increase in the proportion of Russian doctors, but the experience and talent of foreign doctors were highly valued, and their contribution to the development of Russian medicine remains an interesting and relevant aspect of research in this area.

Elaboration of the problem. It was M.B. Mirsky that focused on the history of the development of medicine in Russia; however, in his works regional characteristics of medicine are poorly covered^[1]. Various aspects of healthcare development in Altai were examined in the works of A.V. Kontev^[2], B.V. Babarykin^[3], and A.D. Sergeev^[4].

The researchers noted that a persistent shortage of medical personnel was characteristic of many regions of the Russian Empire and was especially acute in provinces remote from the center, as well as in individual industries^[5]. A similar shortage of medical personnel was state-owned factories in the Urals^[6]. Mining was dangerous, and workers labored in conditions that led to specific occupational diseases. Qualified personnel were recruited primarily from Saxony, and people that arrived were unfamiliar with the harsh climate of the regions where the Ural or Siberian factories were located.

In modern Russian historiography, studying the contribution of representatives of national communities to the development of individual professional associations in the context of regional history is relevant. Such aspects were examined, for example, in the works of V.N. Shaidurov^[7] and E.A. Bryukhanova^[8]. L.K. Ostrovsky paid special attention to the influence of Poles on the development of healthcare in Siberia^[9].

The purpose of the study is to identify the role of doctors of German and Polish descent in the development of medicine and the state of public health in the cities of Altai in the 19^th – early 20^th century.

Source base. The basic sources for the study were publications and archival materials containing personalized information about doctors. These include address calendars of the Tomsk Governorate and the “Russian Medical List” for 1890–1912, which contain information on their place of service, position, rank, and sometimes education and the nature of their public activities. Due to their frequency of issues, reference works are a valuable source of information on the mobility of medical workers and the nature of their activity.

Of particular interest are the documents on the state of medical care and medical personnel in the cities of Altai found in the Russian State Historical Archive and the state archives of Tomsk Oblast and Altai Krai. Traditionally, data on professional careers are most fully presented in official lists, which contain not only detailed information on rank, positions, and awards, but also personal information such as age, class, religion, and marital status. However, most sources, both print and archival, did not provide information on the ethnicity of the specialists. Therefore, of great importance for the study were the registration cards of doctors found by the authors in the State Archive of Tomsk Oblast, which, in addition to the information about professional service, contained personal data, including information about ethnicity, date of birth, earnings from private practice, which is very important for the reconstruction of the social and professional portrait of a foreign doctor.

Registration cards were introduced by Ministry of Internal Affairs circular No. 659 of April 13, 1889, and became mandatory documents for the registration of doctors and pharmacists^[10]. An original medical card was a printed form completed on both sides, with 15 items and a space for the personal signature of a doctor that was registered and the certification signature of an uyezd, regional, or city doctor.

Original cards were verified and certified by a registering doctor. After copies were made, the cards were submitted to the Medical Administration, which, in turn, after making a copy, forwarded all received cards to the Medical Department by October. Doctors were required to immediately report any changes to the Office of the Chief Medical Inspector. The card data served as the source for the “Russian Medical List” compiled by Vasily Ilyich Grebenshchikov, head of the Department of Statistics, who initiated this procedure for collecting data on doctors^[11].

The main research methods were the source and document analysis, the historical-comparative method, as well as the method of historical reconstruction.

Development of the medical sphere in Altai: the contribution of German doctors

From the mid-18^th century to the late 19^th century, under Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, segments of the Altai region formed a portion of the Kolyvano-Voskresensk okrug. In 1834, the okrug itself was renamed the Altai (until 1896, the Altai mining) district, which was simultaneously part of the Tomsk Governorate. Currently, the historical territory of the Altai (mining) district includes the Altai Krai and the Altai Republic, as well as some districts of the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, and Tomsk Oblasts, the Republic of Khakassia, and the East Kazakhstan Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Throughout its history, Altai has been a unique region distinguished by its natural, ethnic (Table 1), and social identity.

Table 1
Distribution of the Altai district population based on data on native language, 1897

Territory	Language
	Russian	Polish	German	Jewish	Mordvin	Tatar	Kirghiz	Other languages
Barnaul	568290	267	283	205	6972	1943	4120	2020
Biysk	291159	75	36	28	1306	41449	2060	894
Zmeinogorsk	226008	51	159	2	1709	724	13843	222
Altai district	1 085 457	393	478	235	9 987	44 116	20 023	3 136
Proportion of ethnic groups in the district population	93,3	0,03	0,04	0,02	0,9	3,8	1,7	0,3

Source: Tomskaia guberniia [Tomsk Governorate], vol. 79 of Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 g. [First General Census of the Russian Empire, 1897] (St. Petersburg: Publication of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1904), 70–75

Altai’s remoteness from the center of Russia significantly impacted both the structure and functionality of regional government bodies and the social sphere of area, and one of the most pressing issues was the organization of medical care and sanitary inspection.

It is important to note that medicine in Siberia developed more slowly than in the European part of the Russian Empire. This was partly due to the absence of zemstvos and their role in providing medical care for the population. Under such conditions, the workload of urban doctors increased, as they were partially responsible for providing medical care to rural areas adjacent to the cities. This difficult situation was aggravated by modernization processes and active migration to Siberia, leading to an increase in the urban population and significant deterioration in the quality of medical care. Due to the belated spread of reforms to Siberia, medical care in Altai cities was in a difficult condition. Thus, remoteness and poor funding led to a severe shortage of medical personnel in the cities of Altai in the 19^th – early 20^th century.

To address the shortage of qualified personnel in remote regions and some industries, including the medical sphere, from the 1760s authorities actively employed German qualified specialists to work in Russia^[12]. They saw the expanded service area and greater authority as an advantage.

One of the first doctors in Altai was Anton Eckenbrecht. He was included as a physician in the expedition led by foreman A.V. Beer, the head of the Tula factories. It set out for the Zmeinogorsk mine in 1745. However, he left Altai after the expedition. In December 1747, Joseph Zederkprof, considered the first Altai doctor, was sent to serve as a physician at the Kolyvano-Voskresensk factories. The German origin of the first doctors in Altai, as well as at the Ural factories, was apparently due to the nationality of the mining specialists arriving in Altai, who were mostly Germans, and they felt more comfortable interacting with their compatriots^[13]. After Zederkprof refused to continue his service in Altai in 1752, the position of chief doctor at the Altai factories was filled by Abram Yuryevich Eshke, who entered Russian service in 1734. He was the initiator of the opening of a medical and surgical school at the Kolyvano-Voskresensk factories. It is known that he arrived in Altai accompanied by three students and had the right to employ assistants on site. At the end of his six-year contract, A. Yu. Eshke submitted a request for release from service and was replaced in this position by N.G. Nozhevshchikov^[14].

However, the shortage of medical personnel was not resolved by the opening of a medical school there in the second half of the 18^th century. This is evidenced by the correspondence between the Chief of the Altai factories and the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the second half of the 19^th century. Over the course of several years, he sent petitions requesting assistance in employing doctors to the Kolyvan factories. However, while in 1849 the petition was for two vacancies, in 1851 there were five such vacancies, and by 1852 the need for doctors had increased to six. As an example, we cite the following text:

 The acting head of the Altai factories <…> not having in mind the availability of medical officials in that region who could join the factories petitions for the appointment of five doctors to the Altai factories to fill the vacant positions^[15].

It should be noted that during the correspondence between the departments that the issue was not resolved.

They tried to resolve the problem of the shortage of full-time medical personnel in Siberia at the government level: doctors were allowed to combine several positions, and a bonus of a quarter of their annual salary was introduced^[16]. In order to resolve this issue, in 1825 a “special department” was created at the Medicine and Surgery Academy to train students from Siberian Theological Seminaries in medicine. It was assumed that they would not leave Siberia after their medical contracts expired, as they would be tied to the region by familial bonds^[17]. Indeed, visiting doctors often left Siberia after their contracts expired, either returning to their previous place of residence or departing to continue their service in other regions. The first exception there was Friedrich August von Gebler, a German^[18], who immediately after joining the Russian service came to Altai; he remained there permanently and made an outstanding contribution to the development of healthcare and the training of medical students^[19].

According to the First General Population Census of 1897, the proportion of those engaged in medical and sanitary activities in the cities of the Tomsk Governorate who indicated Russian as their native language was 84.65% (458 people). Against this background, the number of specialists of other nationalities was small. The largest number were Jews (27 people), Poles (21 people), and Germans (9 people), with other nationalities represented in small numbers^[20].

According to remembrance books and surveys of the Tomsk Governorate, the number of doctors in Altai cities until the end of the 19^th century did not exceed 8 people, of whom 2–3 may have had German or Polish roots (Table 2). In the early 20^th century, the number of medical personnel in the cities gradually increased, due to the rapid population growth^[21]. However, the number of doctors of German and Polish descent remained the same.

Table 2
Number of medical and sanitary personnel in the Altai district, 1896–1897

Uyezds and cities	Number of people employed in the group “Medical and sanitary activities”			Number of doctors and physicians in 1896
	Total	Of these
		Germans	Poles
Barnaul uyezd	137	1	1	4
Barnaul	62	1 + (4 family members)	2	6 + 1 female doctor
Biysk uyezd	67	1	1	6
Biysk	24	0	0	2
Zmeinogorsk uyezd	76	0	0	4

Source: Tomskaia guberniia [Tomsk Governorate], vol. 79 of Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi imperii, 1897 g. [First General Census of the Russian Empire, 1897] (St. Petersburg: Publication of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1904), 148–151; 152–209; Obzor Tomskoi gubernii za 1896 god [Review of the Tomsk Governorate for 1896] (Tomsk: Governorate Printing House, 1897), 28.

Of great importance to the Altai region was the activity of Ferdinand Yegorovich Zass, the founder of a medical dynasty. He received a medical degree from the University of Dorpat and was sent to serve in the Tomsk Governorate. He arrived in the Altai mining district in 1865 as a physician at the Suzunsky factory^[22]. In 1881 he served as a physician at the Barnaul hospital, and from 1883 to 1889, he was the inspector of the medical unit of the mining district^[23]. He actively fought the devastating cholera epidemic in Barnaul in 1892^[24], headed an outpatient clinic for the poor, and worked as a doctor at a school and progymnasium. In addition, F.Ye. Zass was active in public life, was one of the founders of the Altai Exploration Society, was a correspondent for the Main physical observatory in St. Petersburg and sent his meteorological observations there^[25], collected Altai plants for an herbarium^[26], and was a member of the boards of trustees of the educational institutions in Barnaul.

His son, Alexander Zass, who was born in the Salairsky mine on February 12, 1868, and continued his father’s work. According to his doctor card dated January 29, 1894, he received his medical diploma from Tomsk University on February 22, 1893. At the time, he was not yet married, and most of the items on his card were not filled out, as the young physician was just beginning his medical practice. The reverse indicates that on April 2, 1894, he left for the village of Krutikha in the Barnaul uyezd, where he worked for 25 years^[27].

Doctors of Polish descent who served in Altai

According to the tradition established in historiography, in the 19^th – early 20^th century the Polish community in Siberia was considered one of the largest. Political exile played a major role in this. However, the Altai mining district was not a major destination for exiles. Researchers estimate that in the 1860s in Altai there lived 250 Polish political exiles^[28]. However, by the early 20^th century, Siberia, including Altai, became a receiving area for large numbers of immigrants. Ambitious specialists, including Poles and Germans, began to see the region as a place for professional growth and self-realization^[29].

One of the renowned Altai doctors was Albin Nikolaevich Niedzwetsky, who made a significant effort to provide the population with accessible medical care. According to the doctor card personally filled out by A.N. Niedzwetsky on February 1, 1890, he was born on March 2, 1850, was a Roman Catholic, a Pole, and held the rank of collegiate councillor. He owned no real estate^[30]. He began working in the Altai mining district almost immediately after graduating from the St. Petersburg Medicine and Surgery Academy, and in April 1876 assumed his duties as a medical doctor in Biysk. In 1883, A.N. Niedzwetsky became a medical doctor in Barnaul, headed the mining hospital, and then replaced F.Ye. Zass as the inspector of the medical unit of the Altai mining district^[31]. He was a member of the Tomsk Society of Naturalists and Physicians, where in 1892 he presented an analysis of the aftermath of the cholera epidemic (part of his report was published in the Altai collection in 1894)^[32]. It was the aftermath of the epidemic that served as the impetus for fundraising to organize free medical care in the region^[33]. On A.N. Niedzwetsky’s initiative, in 1895 funds were allocated in Barnaul for the maintenance of “doctors for the poor,” and from 1897, a free outpatient clinic operated there.

A.N. Niedzwetsky’s wife, Anisya Mikhailovna Niedzwetskaya, also worked as a doctor in Barnaul. She graduated from the Higher Women’s Courses at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg and was one of three female doctors in the Tomsk Governorate^[34].

In 1905 Niedzwetsky and his family moved to St. Petersburg. His activities are traced in literature until 1911, when he worked as a doctor for the second district under the Palace Administration. We found information about his subsequent activities, namely, that from 1912 to 1916, Niedzwetsky was engaged in private medical practice at 2 Fontanka Street^[35]. A.M Niedzwetskaya is also listed at this address in the “Russian Medical List” directory, in the section “Female Doctors.” Probably, it was their residential address, as the house had been under the jurisdiction of the Palace Administration from 1784. No information about the life and activities of Niedzwetsky has yet been found for a later period; the address directory for 1917 contains information only about A.M. Niedzwetskaya and their son, German Albinovich Niedzwetsky^[36].

At the end of the 19th century, in Altai, Boguslav Aleksandrovich Tsarevsky, a doctor of Polish descent, began his career. After graduating from Moscow Imperial University in 1879, he was a district doctor in Biysk and held the rank of collegiate councilor. In February 1894, he departed for a new place of service in the city of Jarkent in the Semirechye Oblast^[37]. His subsequent career was connected to the development of healthcare in the Semirechye Oblast, where B.A. Tsarevsky served as a district doctor. In 1901, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3^rd class^[38]. This order was typically awarded for 12 years of impeccable service.

Conclusion

Due to Altai’s remoteness, there were problems with personnel policy in the field of healthcare. Before the opening of the faculty of medicine at Tomsk University in 1878, there were higher medical education institutions only in the European part of the Russian Empire. The journey to Altai for work was long and difficult, and often fraught with health risks. For some of the visiting doctors, service in Altai was a powerful start to their career.

The research resulted in the identification and introduction of new sources into scientific use, such as doctor cards stored in the State Archive of the Tomsk Oblast. The high information potential of the sources and the information they contain has made it possible to obtain unique information about Altai doctors, including those from the German and Polish communities, and to create their professional portrait using the biographies of B. Tsarevsky, A.N. and A.M. Niedzwetsky, and F.Ye. and A.F. Zass for reference. The professional portrait of medical professionals from the ethnic groups under review was based on the following parameters: ethnic and religious affiliation, demographic characteristics (gender, age, and marital status), social and professional status, and economic status. Particular attention has been paid to the previously unknown information about their lives and professional careers.

The doctors of this group made a significant contribution to the development of medical care in Altai cities in the 19^th – early 20^th century. They often had to combine several medical positions and work overtime, seeing patients at home, visiting patients outside the city limits, inspecting medical care at institutions, etc. The role of highly qualified medical specialists, representatives of the German and Polish communities in Altai, remained significant throughout the period under review. They received higher education from leading universities, held high ranks, and often held leadership positions. Due to this fact, they have made a significant contribution to the development of medical care and improvement of the quality of sanitary conditions in Altai cities. At the same time, it should be noted their participation in public life and public education also helped influence the improvement of medical care in the region as whole.

 

 

^{1 M.B. Mirsky, Meditsina Rossii XVI–XIX vekov [Medicine of Russia in the 16th–19th Centuries] (Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 1996).}

^{2 A.V. Kontev, “Formirovanie sistemy meditsinskogo obsluzhivaniia na territorii Altaiskogo kraia v XVIII veke [Formation of the health care system in the Altai region in the 18th century],” in Izbrannye stranitsy: klubu lyubitelei altaiskoi stariny – 20 let (Barnaul: Redaktsionno-izdatel’skii otdel Altaiskoi kraevoi universal’noi nauchnoi biblioteki im. V. YA. Shishkova Publ., 2011), 143–172.} 

^{3 B.V. Babarykin, “Medical Training at the Kolywano-Voskresensk Mining Factories in the Middle of XVIIIth Century,” Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 4–1 (2015): 43–47, https://doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2015)4.1-05}

^{4 A.D. Sergeev, “The Role of F.V. Gebler in the “Preparation” of Medical Students.” Regional Studies Notes, no. 4 (2001): 32.}

^{5 S.V. Vinogradov, Yu.G. Yeshchenko, “Establishment of the System of Sanitary and Medical Services for Workers of the Caspian-Volga Fisheries in the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Century,” RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 4 (2023): 573–586, https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-4-573-586} 

^{6 S.N. Kopyrina, A.V. Chernoukhov, “Formation of medical infrastructure at state-owned factories in the Urals in the first third of the XVIII century,” Herald of Humanitarian Education, no. 2 (2020): 20–34, https://doi.org/10.25730/VSU.2070.20.016}

^{7 V.N. Shaidurov, N.A. Osipov, “The Germans of St. Petersburg from the 1860s to 1914: Number, Distribution, and Economic Activities,” RUDN Journal of Russian History 23, no. 3 (2024): 286–298, https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2024-23-3-286-298} 

^{8 E.A. Bryukhanova, O.I. Chekryzhova, N.V. Nezhentseva, “Diasporas of Ethnic Minorities in the Towns of Tobolsk Governorate in the Late XIX – Early XX Century: Demographic and Social Features,” RUDN Journal of Russian History 23, no. 1 (2024): 8–18, https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2024-23-1-8-18}

^{9 L.K. Ostrovsky, “The contribution of the Poles to the development of health service of Western Siberia (1890–1917),” Tomsk State University Journal, no. 375 (2013): 92.}

^{10 N.G. Freiberg, Vrachebno-sanitarnoe zakonodatel’stvo v Rossii: uzakoneniia i rasporiazheniia pravitel’stva po grazhdanskoi meditsinskoi, sanitarnoi i farmatsevticheskoi chastiam, opublikovannye po 1 ianvaria 1913 g. [Medical and sanitary legislation in Russia: laws and government regulations on civil medical, sanitary and pharmaceutical matters, published before January 1, 1913] (St. Petersburg: Prakticheskaia meditsina Publ., 1913).}

^{11 S.A. Novoselsky, “V.I. Grebenshchikov i ego znachenie v istorii sanitarnoi i demograficheskoi statistiki [V.I. Grebenshchikov and its significance in the history of sanitary and demographic statistics],” in Problemy demograficheskoi statistiki (Moscow: Gosstatizdat Publ., 1959), 363–377.}

^{12 V.N. Shaidurov, O.V. Erokhina, “German Colonies of St. Petersburg Province: Appearance and Development in 1765–1800s,” Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 1 (2023):  15–31, https://doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i1.493} 

^{13 A.V. Kontev, “Formirovanie sistemy meditsinskogo obsluzhivaniia na territorii Altaiskogo kraia v XVIII veke [Formation of the health care system in the Altai region in the 18th century],” in Izbrannye stranitsy: klubu liubitelei altaiskoi stariny – 20 let (Barnaul: Redaktsionno-izdatel’skii otdel Altaiskoi kraevoi universal’noi nauchnoi biblioteki im. V. YA. Shishkova Publ., 2011), 143–172.} 

^{14 B.V. Babarykin, “Medical Training at the Kolywano-Voskresensk Mining Factories in the Middle of XVIIIth Century,” Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 4–1 (2015): 43–47, https://doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2015)4.1-05}

^{15 Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskiy arkhiv (thereafter – RGIA), f. 1297, op. 26, d. 455, l. 1; Ibid., op. 59, d. 302, l. 1; Ibid., op. 60, d. 92, l. 1.}

^{16 Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Tul’skoi oblasti (thereafter – GAТО), f. 4, op. 1, d. 126, l. 134.}

^{17 RGIA, f. 733, op. 99, d. 158, l. 3–3 ob.}

^{18 Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Altaiskogo kraia (thereafter – GAAK), f. 2, op. 1, d. 4027 а, l. 675–684.}

^{19 A.D. Sergeev, “The Role of F.V. Gebler in the “Preparation” of Medical Students,” Regional Studies Notes, no. 4 (2001): 32.}

^{20 Tomskaia guberniia [Tomsk Province], vol. 79 of Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi imperii 1897 g. [First General Population Census of the Russian Empire, 1897] (St. Petersburg: Publication of the Central Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1904).}

^{21 G.A. Gryanikova, N.V. Nezhentseva, “Medical statistics of the Altai cities in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: creation of digital sources and data analysis,” Historical informatics, no. 2 (2025): 23–38, https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2025.2.74975}

^{22 GААК, f. 2, op. 1, d. 7734 а, l. 246–253.}

^{23 A.D. Sergeev, Slavnoe Geograficheskoe (materialy k 100-letiiu Altaiskogo filiala Geograficheskogo obshchestva SSSR) [Glorious Geographical (materials for the 100th anniversary of the Altai branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR)] (Barnaul: Azbuka Publ., 2021).}

^{24 K.V. Valkova, N.V. Nezhentseva, O.I. Chekryzhova, “1892 Cholera Epidemic and Development of Medical and Sanitary System in Tomsk Province: A Case Study of Barnaul and Biysk,” Nauchnyi dialog 14, no. 4 (2025): 386–405, https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2025-14-4-386-405} 

^{25 M.S. Masan, N.A. Yakovleva, “Zass Ferdinand Egorovich (1838–1903) [Zass Ferdinand Egorovich (1838–1903)],” in Entsiklopediia Altaiskogo kraia (Barnaul: Piket Publ., 1997): 143.}

^{26 F.E. Zass, “Spisok rastenii, sobrannykh v Altaiskom okruge s 1875 po 1893 g. [List of plants collected in the Altai District from 1875 to 1893],” Altaiskii sbornik, no. 1 (1894): 284–325.}

^{27 GАТО, f. 4, op. 1, d. 519, l. 24–24 оb.}

^{28 V.A. Skubnevsky, Yu.M. Goncharov, “Poles in Siberia (the 19th – early of the 20th century) as Vieved by contemporary Russian historiography,” Tomsk State University Journal of History, no. 69 (2021): 162–170, https://doi.org/10.17223/19988613/69/24} 

^{29 E.A. Bryukhanova, O.I. Chekryzhova, N.V. Nezhentseva, “Diasporas of Ethnic Minorities in the Towns of Tobolsk Governorate in the Late XIX – Early XX Century: Demographic and Social Features,” RUDN Journal of Russian History 23, no. 1 (2024): 8–18, https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2024-23-1-8-18}  

^{30 GАТО, f. 4, op. 1, d. 326, l. 24–24 оb.}

^{31 GААК, f. 3, op. 1, d. 89, l. 29–32.}

^{32 B.V. Babarykin, A.A. Perezhogin, Spravochnik lichnogo sostava chinovnichestva Altaia (1747–1917) [Handbook of personnel of the Altai bureaucracy (1747–1917)] (Barnaul: Izdatel’stvo Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta Publ., 2017).}

^{33 L.K. Ostrovsky, “The contribution of the Poles to the development of health service of Western Siberia (1890 1917),” Tomsk State University Journal, no. 375 (2013): 92.}

^{34 A.G. Syshchenko, V.A. Syshchenko, “Khronika i analitika okazaniia meditsinskoi pomoshchi naseleniiu iuga Zapadnoi Sibiri, 1890–1933 gg. [Chronicle and analysis of medical care provided to the population of the south of Western Siberia, 1890–1933],” in Altaiskoe nauchnoe obshchestvo vrachei, 1923–1930 gg. (Barnaul: Altaiskii Dom pechati Publ., 2006), 41.}

^{35 Ves’ vrachebnyi Peterburg. Ukazatel’ na 1912 g. [All Medical Petersburg. Index for 1912] (St. Petersburg: Izdanie A.S. Suvorina Publ., 1912); Rossiiskii meditsinskii spisok: spiski vrachei, veterinarov, zubnykh vrachei, farmatsevtov i aptek na 1916 god po svedeniiam na 1 maia 1916 g. [Russian medical list: lists of doctors, veterinarians, dentists, pharmacists and pharmacies for 1916 based on information as of May 1, 1916] (Petrograd: Upravlenie glavnogo vrachebnogo inspektora Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Publ., 1916).}

^{36 Ves’ Petrograd na 1917 god: adresnaia i spravochnaia kniga g. Petrograda [All of Petrograd in 1917: Address and reference book of the city of Petrograd] (St. Petersburg: Izdanie A.S. Suvorina Publ., 1916).}

^{37 GАТО, f. 4, op. 1, d. 519, l. 15–16 оb.}

^{38 Russkii invalid za 1901 god, no. 266, December 6, 1901.}

About the authors

Oksana I. Chekryzhova

Altai State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: niigi@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9089-5404
SPIN-code: 9823-1860

PhD in History, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia

61 Prospekt Lenina Av., Barnaul, 656049, Russia

Natalia V. Nezhentseva

Altai State University

Email: neshenzewan@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6700-7739
SPIN-code: 9383-5950

PhD in History, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia

61 Prospekt Lenina Av., Barnaul, 656049, Russia

Albina S. Zhanbosinova

L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University

Email: sovetuk@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4541-4154
SPIN-code: 7530-7909

Dr. Habil. Hist., Professor

2 Satpayeva Str., Nur-Sultan, 010008, Kazakhstan

References

Supplementary files