The Fate of World War I Combatants in the History of the Russian Diaspora
- Authors: Bocharova Z.S1
-
Affiliations:
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Issue: Vol 18, No 1 (2019): THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VERSAILLES PEACE. THE GREAT WAR’S ECHO IN RUSSIA
- Pages: 125-150
- Section: THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VERSAILLES PEACE. THE GREAT WAR’S ECHO IN RUSSIA
- URL: https://journals.rudn.ru/russian-history/article/view/20644
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-1-125-150
Cite item
Full text / tables, figures
Abstract
Abstact: This article studies the fate of World War I veterans in the Russian diaspora. The author discusses the settlement of former combatants, assistance by émigré organisations, and historical memory. Her research relies on a broad source base, including archival and published documents, as well as émigré periodicals. The article demonstrates that the former combatants were scattered in various countries and included prisoners of war, officials of the Russian Expeditionary Corps, as well as the members of the White movement. She concludes that, in contrast to Soviet Russia, the Russian diaspora sought to commemorate the “bearers of Russian honour” and perpetuate the memory of their exploits with memorials to those died in foreign lands.
About the authors
Zoya S Bocharova
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Author for correspondence.
Email: kpzg@mail.ru
-
GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, RussiaReferences
- Abensur, Zh. “Russkiy ekspedicionnyy korpus vo Francii vo vremya pervoy mirovoy voyny.” [Russian Expeditionary Corps in France during the First World War] Noveyshaya istoriya Rossii, no. 3 (2014): 74–85 (in Russian).
- Aseev, I.A. “Deyatelnost Rossiyskogo Obshhestva Krasnogo Kresta po zashhite prav voennoplennykh v gody pervoy mirovoy voyny.” [The Activities of the Russian Red Cross Society for the Protection of the Rights of War Prisoners during World War I] Biznes v zakone. Ekonomiko-yuridicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2009): 21–23 (in Russian).
- Baur, J. “Zwischen ‘Roten’ und ‘Weißen’ – russische Kriegsgefangene in Deutschland nach 1918.” [Between ‘Red’ and ‘White’ − Russian prisoners of war in Germany after 1918] Russische Emigration in Deutschland 1918 bis 1941. Leben in europeischen Bürgerkrieg, 93–108. Berlin: [S.n.], 1995 (in Deutsche).
- Bazanov, S.N. Za chest i velichie Rossii. Zaby`taya voyna. Moscow: Territory of the Future Publ., 2011 (in Russian).
- Belova, I.B. “Osnovnye problemy rossiyskogo bezhenstva 1915–1925 gg. v otechestvennoy i zarubezhnoy istoriografii.” [The main problem of the Russian refugee 1915–1925. in domestic and foreign historiography] Voprosy istorii, no. 11 (2017): 156–164 (in Russian).
- Belova, I.B. “Vozvrashhenie na rodinu russkix voennoplennyhk i mery sovetskogo gosudarstva po ix materialnoi podderzhke.” [The Repatriation of Russian War Prisoners and Measures of the Soviet State for their Financial Support] Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kulturologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 1 (2013): 24–28 (in Russian).
- Belova, I.B. “Vozvrashhenie russkikh voennoplennykh Pervoy mirovoy voiny v Sovetskuyu Rossiyu: istoriograficheskiy aspect.” [The Return of Russian War Prisoners of World War I to Soviet Russia: Historiographic Aspect] Vestnik VyatGU, no. 4 (2014): 72–77 (in Russian).
- Bocharova, Z.S. “Vozvrashhenie na rodinu soldat russkogo ekspedistionnogo korpusa v 1920-e gody.” [Homecoming of Soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in the 1920s.] Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 9 (2009): 51–58 (in Russian).
- Bogart, E.L. Direct and Indirect Costs of the Great World War. New-York: Oxford University, 1920.
- Bogart, E.L. War costs and their financing; a study of the financing of the war and the after-war problems of debt and taxation. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1921.
- Budberg, A.P. Vooruzhennye sily Rossiyskoy imperii v ispolnenii obshhesoyuznykh zadach i obyazannostey vo vremya voyny 1914‒1917 gg. Paris: [S.n.], 1939 (in Russian).
- Butakov, Y. “Russkie soldaty na zarubezhnykh frontakh Pervoy mirovoy voiny.” [Russian soldiers on foreign fronts of World War I] Svobodnaya mysl, no. 7−8 (2011): 143‒152 (in Russian).
- Byulleten № 59–60 Rossiyskogo Zemsko-gorodskogo komiteta [Bulletin No. 59-60 of Russian Zemstvo-Municipal Committee], May 15, 1930 (in Russian).
- Collins, R.F. World War I: Primary documents on events from 1914 to 1919. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008.
- Dokumenty vneshney politiki. Vol. 3. Moscow: [S.n.], 1959 (in Russian).
- Filitov, A.M. “Istoriya Pervoy mirovoy voiny v sovremennom mezhdunarodnom diskurse: tradicionny`e diskussii, novye temy, ‘belye pyatna’.” [The History of World War I in Modern International Discourse: Traditional Discussions, New Topics, ‘White Spots’] Rossiyskaya istoriya, no. 4 (2017): 103–122 (in Russian).
- Gatrell, P. “War, Refugeedom, Revolution Understanding Russia’s refugee crisis, 1914– 1918.” Cahiers du monde russe 58, no. 1 (2017): 123−146.
- Gusachenko, A. “Deyatelnost sokolskikh organizaciy v mezhvoennoy Latvii.” [Activities of Sokol Organizations in Iinterwar Latvia] New Journal, no. 287 (2017): 253–266 (in Russian).
- Gusachenko, A. ‘Sokol; organizāciju darbība Latvijā (1928‒1940 g.). Riga: Latvijas Universitāte, 2017 (in Latvie).
- Kasyuk, А.Ya., and Krivoruchko, A.A. “World War The First: Total Results and Lessons.” Vestnik MGLU. Obschestvenniye Nauki / MSLU Bulletin: Social Sciences, no. 2 (2015): 91−107 (in Russian).
- Korzhikhina, T.P. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i ego uchrezhdeniya. Noyabr` 1917 g. – dekabr 1991 g. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. Moscow: RGGU Publ., 1994 (in Russian).
- Letnev, A. “Soldaty Rossii v Alzhire (1918‒1920 gg.).” [Soldiers of Russia in Algeria (1918‒1920)] Voprosy` istorii, no. 5 (1998): 128‒136 (in Russian).
- Mirovye voyny XX veka. Pervaya mirovaya voyna. Istoricheskiy ocherk [World Wars of the 20th Century. World War I. Historical essay]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2002 (in Russian).
- Mommsen, H. Aufsteig nd Untergang der Republik von Weimat. 1918–1933. Berlin: [S.n.], 2009 (in Deutsche).
- Nachtigal, R. Russland und seine österreichisch-ungarischen Kriegsgefangenen 1914– 1918. Remshalden: [S.n.], 2003 (in Deutsche).
- Nachtigal, R. “Zur Anzahl der Kriegsgefangenen im Ersten Weltkrieg.” Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift, no. 67 (2008): 345–384 (in Deutsche).
- Nagornaya, O.S. Drugoy voenny opyt. Rossiyskie voennoplennye v Germanii v period Pervoy mirovoy voiny (1914–1922). Moscow: New Chronograph Publ., 2010 (in Russian).
- Nansen, F. Rossiya i mir [Russia and the World]. Moscow: PG. Publ., 1923 (in Russian).
- Oltmer, Jochen, ed. Kriegsgefangene im Europa des Ersten Weltkriegs. Paderborn: Ver. Ferdinand Schöningh, 2005 (in Deutsche).
- Pavlov, A.Yu. ‘Russkaya odisseya» epohki Pervoy mirovoy: Russkie ekspeditsionnye sily vo Francii i na Balkanakh. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Veche Publ.; Rusian Christian Humanitarian Academy Publ., 2011 (in Russian).
- Pavlov, A.Yu. “Russkiy ekspedicionniy korpus v Salonikakh.” [Russian Expeditionary building in Thessaloniki] Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 9 (2001): 56–61 (in Russian).
- Pervaya mirovaya voyna: istoriograficheskie mify i istoricheskaya pamyat. Moscow: RISI Publ., 2014 (in Russian).
- Polyakov, Yu.A. Sovetskaya strana posle okonchaniya grazhdanskoy voyny`: territoriya i naselenie. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1986 (in Russian).
- Popova, S.S. “ ‘Serdcza nashi izbolelis o pogibayushhey nashey Rodine...’.” [“Our hearts are sore for our perishing homeland...”] Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2003): 63–69 (in Russian).
- Popova, S.S. “Sudba russkogo ekspedicionnogo korpusa vo Francii posle revolyutsii v Rossii. Po neopublikovannym materialam Voennogo ministerstva Frantsii.” [The Fate of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France after the Revolution in Russia. According to Unpublished Materials of the Military Ministry of France] Russia and France. XVIII–XX century. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1995 (in Russian).
- Popova, S.S. “V plenu u soyuznikov: O polozhenii russkikh soldat i oficerov vo Frantsii.” [In the Captivity of the Allies: About the Status of Russian Soldiers and Officers in France] Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (1996): 37–39 (in Russian).
- Poslednie novosti, May 16, 1928 (in Russian).
- Puateven, P. “Bitva v centre Francii v 1917 godu. Myatezh russkix armiy v lagere LyaKurtin.” [The battle in the center of France in 1917. Mutiny of the Russian armies in the camp of La Curtin] Voenno-istoricheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2001): 64–69 (in Russian).
- Rachamimov, A. POWs and the Great War: Captivity on the Eastern Front. (Legacy of the Great War). New York: Berg, 2002.
- Rossiya v Pervoy mirovoy voine. 1914–1918. Entsiklopediya. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2014 (in Russian).
- Rul, October 13, 1922 (in Russian).
- Shastillo, V.K. Poslednyaya voyna tsarskoy Rossii. Moscow: ROSSPE`N Publ., 2010 (in Russian).
- Shсherov, I.P. Tsentroplenbezh v Rossii: istoriya sozdaniya i deyatelnost v 1918–1922 gg. Smolensk: SGPU Publ., 2000 (in Russian).
- Sokolov, A.A. “Russkie v Inostrannom legione: Indokitay (konets XIX – seredina XX veka).” [Russians in the Foreign Legion: Indochina (the end of the 19th – mid-20th century)] Vietnamskie issledovaniya, no. 2 (2012): 313, 309–336 (in Russian).
- Stepanov, A.I. “Tsena voyny: zhertvy i poteri.” [The Price of War: Casualties and Losses] In Mirovye voyny XX veka. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2002 (in Russian).
- Tarusskiy, E. “Besedy na bivuakax.” [The talks at the Bivouac] Chasovoy, no. 207 (1938): 19 (in Russian).
- Utkin, A.I. Pervaya mirovaya voyna. Moscow: Algoritm Publ., 2001 (in Russian).
- Vasilev, V. “Russkiy Legion Chesti.” [Russian Legion of Honor] Kadetskaya pereklichka, no. 46 (1989). http://www.xxl3.ru/kadeti/rus_korpus.htm (in Russian).
- Vasileva, S.N. Voennoplennye Germanii, Avstro-Vengrii i Rossii v gody Pervoy mirovoy voyny [War Prisoners of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia during World War I]. Moscow: MGOPU Publ., 1999 (in Russian).
- Vozvrashhenie… 1921–1924 gg. Vol. 3. of Russkaya voennaya emigratsiya 20–40-x godov. Dokumenty i materialy. Moscow: Triada-F Publ., 2002 (in Russian).
- Wehler, H.U. Deutsche Sozialgeschichte. Vom Beginn des Erstes Weltkriegs bis zur Grŭndung der beiden deutschen Staaten. 1914–1949. München: [S.n.], 2003 (in Deutsche).
- Khavkin, B.L. “Russian Front of World War I (1914‒1918).” Novaya i noveyshaya istoriya, no. 1 (2014): 3‒16 (in Russian).
- Khazov, A.A. “Pismo v redaktsiyu zhurnala ‘Kadetskaya pereklichka’.” [Letter to the editors of the journal Cadet Roll Call’] Kadetskaya pereklichka, no. 46 (1989). http://www. xxl3.ru/kadeti/rus_korpus.htm (in Russian).
- Zakon i sud, no. 17 (1931) (in Russian).
- Zhdanov, N. Russkie voennoplennye Pervoy mirovoy voyny. 1914–1918 gg [Russian War Prisoners of World War I. 1914–1918]. Moscow: [S.n.], 1920 (in Russian).
- Zhdanova, I.A. “Organizaciya vozvrashheniya rossiyskikh plennykh v 1918–1919 godax.” [The Organization of the Return of Russian prisoners in 1918–1919] Rossiyskaya istoriya, no. 4 (2011): 63–72 (in Russian).
- Arkhiv vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy Imperii [Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire], f. 166, op. 508/3, d. 59, 108.
- Arkhiv vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation] (thereafter – AVPRF), f. 0136, op. 8, p. 108, d. 140.
- AVPRF, f. 0510, op. 1, p. 1, d. 6.
- Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii [State Archive of the Russian Federation] (thereafter – GARF), f. 5804, op. 2, d. 69, 71.
- GARF, f. 5856, op. 1, d. 536.
- GARF, f. 6167, op. 1, d. 5.
- GARF, f. 9145, op. 1, d. 55.