From truth to truly: The case of shinni ‘truly’ in Japanese compared to Chinese, Korean and Thai counterparts

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This study traces the development of the adverb shinni ‘truly’, a hybrid form consisting of the Sino-Japanese noun shin (眞/真) ‘truth’ and the adverbializer -ni of Japanese origin, in the history of Japanese. The goal of the study is to compare the developmental pathway of shinni with that of ‘truth’-related words derived from the same Chinese word 眞/真 in Chinese, Korean, and Thai in order to seek commonalities and differences among them. In these languages, it is reported that some words with眞/真 have developed from “true” to “intensive”, and have further developed a number of interactional functions as discourse markers (DMs). The data were obtained from various historical and modern corpora and database. A total of 1810 occurrences of shinni in written and spoken Japanese of various genres were analysed with the focus on their pragmatic function. The study confirms a commonality in the development from “true” to “intensive” in shinni , illustrating its evolution from the noun shin (“true”) to the use of shinni that can be interpreted as serving to intensify the illocutionary force of what is being said (i.e., “intensive”). In contrast, this study finds that shinni does not bear any DM functions that some words with眞/真in Chinese, Korean, and Thai have developed. This study discussed the possibility that, due to various factors, the pace of change at advanced stages of grammaticalization may be more diversified than has previously been suggested.

作者简介

Yuko Higashiizumi

Toyo University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: higashiizumi.yuko.1@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-0086-572X

Visiting Research Fellow of the Institute of Human Sciences at Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan. She received her PhD in English linguistics from Dokkyo University, Japan, in 2004. Her primary research interest is Japanese linguistics and historical pragmatics. She published research articles in Journal of Historical Pragmatics and East Asian Pragmatics, among others.

Tokyo, Japan

Reijirou Shibasaki

Meiji University

Email: reijiro@meiji.ac.jp
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-2268-1486

Professor of English at the School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan. He received his PhD in Linguistics from University of California at Santa Barbara. His research focuses on historical linguistics and discourse analysis, especially in English and Japanese. His recent research articles are included in, inter alia, Studies at the Grammar-Discourse Interface (2021, John Benjamins), Different Slants of Grammaticalization (2023, John Benjamins), Journal of Japanese Linguistics (2023, De Gruyter Mouton), and Gengo Kenkyu (2024, Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan).

Tokyo, Japan

Keiko Takahashi

Toyo University

Email: ktakahashi@toyo.jp
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8370-0043

Visiting Research Fellow of the Institute of Human Sciences at Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan. She received her degree of M.A. (Language and Information Sciences) from Tokyo University, Japan, in 2000. Her primary research interest is Japanese linguistics and historical sociopragmatics. She published research articles in the Japanese Journal of Language in Society, Journal of Japanese Language Teaching, Academic Japanese Journal, among others.

Tokyo, Japan

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