Review of Douglas Mark Ponton. 2024. Exploring Ecolinguistics: Ecological Principles and Narrative Practices. Bloomsbury

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 The book ‘Exploring Ecolinguistics: Ecological Principles and Narrative Practices’, authored by Professor Douglas Mark Ponton of the University of Catania and published in 2024 under the esteemed banner of Bloomsbury, constitutes a work of profound significance within the field of ecolinguistics, elucidating the intricate interplay between language and ecology. The author delves deeply into a series of pivotal issues concerning how language influences environmental perception and subsequent human actions, as previously addressed by renowned authors such as Fairclough (2015), Stibbe (2015), Fill and Penz (2018), Ross (2019), and Thompson (2019). This review aims to scrutinize the principal themes presented by the author and emphasize their relevance in linguistic and environmental research.

The publication begins with a citation from David Suzuki, renowned for his program ‘The Nature of Things’¹. This citation emphasises the urgency for an honest assessment of the economic system's adverse impact on the environment. Ponton employs this citation as a point of departure to explore the relationship between language and the environment, accentuating how the way we narrate stories about the environment can sway our perceptions and actions. This aspect is necessary within the realm of ecolinguistic studies as it proves the potency of environmental narratives in shaping environmental policies and human actions.

A focal element of the book involves an analysis of the roots of modernity, encompassing industrial, technological, and informational revolutions. Ponton emphasizes the role of these revolutions in shaping contemporary society. However, the author also acknowledges the adverse aspects of these advancements, including environmental devastation, the loss of traditions, and an increasing sense of alienation in modern cities. This historical context is essential for understanding how language has contributed to perpetuating the dominant economic paradigm and the importance of critically examining this narrative.

The concept of “growthism,” coined by Umair Haque (2021), is another crucial aspect addressed in the book. This concept highlights the obsession with economic growth as the supreme value in modern societies. Ponton employs this notion to highlight the significance of critically reflecting on policies of boundless growth and the use of language to rationalize them.

Another relevant point in the book is the role of language in defining the relationship between human beings and nature. The author examines how language can reflect an anthropocentric view of the world, in which only humans are considered conscious agents. The present perspective is corroborated by Mark A.K. Halliday (1992), a pioneer in the field of ecolinguistics. Halliday underlines how language mirrors this view, such as using pronouns distinguishing conscious beings (“he/she”) from inanimate objects (“it”). The analysis demonstrates the potential impact of language on environmental policies and the perception of nature as a mere object. The author advocates for ecolinguistics as a principal tool for analysing the words and concepts used to describe the natural world. The following calls for contemplation of the requisite efforts to reshape environmental narratives and cultivate a more balanced understanding of the relationship between humanity and nature. Ecolinguistics emerges as an interdisciplinary field capable of significantly contributing to the comprehension and resolution of contemporary environmental challenges.

The book offers a comprehensive exploration of the dynamics between language and the environment. This text is structured into several chapters, each contributing to the construction of a detailed framework regarding this field and its role in the analysis of ecology and the associated narratives. The introductory chapter lays the foundation for the ensuing discussion. Within it, the author introduces the central themes of the book, emphasizing the link between language and the environment as the focal point of his inquiry. Ponton asserts, “It is an interdisciplinary field of study that explores how language reflects and influences the relationship between humanity and the environment.” This statement encapsulates the interconnected nature of these two central elements and anticipates the multifaceted approach that will characterize the text.

The introduction also references the influence of George Orwell’s book, renowned for his critical work on language and power. Ponton highlights how Orwell's reflections, as expounded in works such as ‘1984’ and ‘Animal Farm’, are intrinsically linked to the dynamics of language manipulation and narrative. These themes are relevant to ecolinguistics as they suggest that language can be instrumentalized to manipulate the perception of the environment and related issues. The author highlights the importance of a critical analysis of language in this context, asserting that Orwell’s reflections are pertinent to “the ecology of language and environmental communication.”

The second chapter represents a substantive exploration of ecolinguistics, linking ecological concepts to the environment and environmental metaphors. The author examines the distinction between shallow and deep ecology, necessary for understanding the linguistic ecosystem of the environment. Shallow ecology is tied to a more direct and observable perspective of the environment, focusing on tangible aspects such as flora, fauna, and climatic changes. In contrast, deep ecology delves into the philosophical and spiritual implications of ecology, highlighting the connection between the natural world and the human conceptual world. A highlight of this chapter is the analysis of environmental metaphors. Ponton demonstrates how metaphors are potent tools in shaping perceptions of ecological issues and motivating concrete actions. Metaphors, such as “the planet is boiling,” create vivid and engaging imagery that elicits an emotional response. The author illustrates how metaphors are used in environmental discourse to persuade the public of the urgency of environmental issues, thus showing the crucial role of language in promoting environmental action. He delves into the natural imagination, highlighting how mental representations of the environment can influence human behaviour. The writer suggests that environmental narratives should inspire a positive and engaging view of the environment, a concept that connects to the analysis of “Positive Discourse” (e.g., Ponton 2023). This method focuses on the characteristics of environmental discourse that incite positive actions. Word choice and overall tone can influence perceptions and engagement regarding ecological issues.

The third chapter represents a crucial exposition of the methodologies employed in ecolinguistics. Ponton meticulously analyses narration, discourse pragmatics, and speaker appraisal. Narration plays a significant role in ecolinguistics as it is through narratives that people construct meanings and relationships with the environment. Discourse pragmatics elucidates how context and social relations influence communication and interpretation. The analysis of speaker appraisals deepens the understanding of how people judge and evaluate environmental issues based on the language used in discourse. Media analysis, including films, constitutes another crucial aspect of this chapter. The way environmentalism is portrayed in the media can significantly influence the public. This serves as a reminder that language and environmental narrative are not confined solely to written texts but extend to a wide array of media, each of which may have a unique impact on perception and environmental action.

The book then immerses us in specific case studies, providing concrete examples of the analytical practices discussed previously. In Chapter 4, narratives related to “High Ash Farm” and “The Countryside Hour” are examined. The author highlights how these narratives are anchored in specific contexts and how language can influence the perception of these contexts. For instance, narratives concerning modern agricultural practices and environmental conservation shed light on how language can reflect and guide relationships between humanity and nature in rural settings. Chapter 5 explores narratives related to the “Priolo Saltpans” in Sicily and flamingos. This case shows how narratives can be employed for specific purposes, such as “pinkwashing,” a practice that leverages the symbolism of flamingos for marketing purposes (Ponton 2022). The author certifies how narratives are potent vehicles for the manipulation of public opinion and the management of dynamics between industry and conservation. The section provides evidence of how language and narrative are instruments of persuasion and influence, especially in contexts where economic interests may conflict with environmental protection.

The concluding chapter constitutes a significant synthesis of the entire book. The writer invokes the concept of “global boiling” to emphasize the urgency of contemporary climate change and environmental challenges. This evocative imagery highlights the power of language in eliciting an emotional response and prompting reflection. “Global boiling” serves as a perfect example of how metaphors can create vivid and engaging images, transforming abstract concepts into tangible realities. In this manner, Ponton demonstrates the importance of effective communication in promoting environmental action. The choice of the term “global boiling” accentuates the idea of an impending and irreversible catastrophe, thereby contributing to shaping the public's perception of the gravity of climate change. Nevertheless, the author criticizes this approach, highlighting how exaggerated language can lead to a distorted perception of the environmental reality.

In this way, the author underlines the importance of considering the social and cultural implications of the language used in environmental discourse. The use of religious and messianic references to describe figures like António Guterres is a key element of his argument. For example, terms like “secular god” and “neo-papal bull” are employed to present Guterres as a messianic figure. This rhetorical strategy aims to portray the climate change movement as a dogmatic ideology and to challenge the scientific consensus on climate change. The writer highlights how this rhetorical strategy can influence public perceptions and further polarize the debate.

The researcher emphasizes the importance of grounding discussions in scientific evidence and objective data. While critical of the overuse of sensationalist language, he recognizes the need to address environmental issues in a science-based manner. The author suggests that a constructive and data-driven dialogue may be more effective in promoting real engagement in the fight against climate change. To support his arguments, the writer uses a series of examples drawn directly from the text “Boiling Planet.” These examples show how emotional and captivating language can be used to influence the public and promote a specific view of climate change. For instance, references to the term “global boiling” and expressions like “delusional visions” and “apocalyptic superlatives” show how the text strongly criticizes Guterres and the media for their use of sensationalist language. A crucial aspect of Ponton's analysis pertains to the use of religious and messianic terms to describe climate change and the key figures involved in the debate. This aspect is reinforced by the frequent presence of biblical and apocalyptic references in the text, creating an atmosphere of fear and catastrophe. The writer emphasizes how this rhetoric can influence the public, leading them to view climate change as a kind of religious prophecy. This strategy can further polarize the debate and hinder a discussion based on scientific data.

Finally, Professor Ponton encourages readers to be aware of the power of language in shaping perceptions and to carefully consider the cultural context in which environmental discourses take place. The author highlights how language can reflect and shape cultural beliefs and perceptions, urging readers to examine how deep cultural beliefs can influence the perception of environmental issues. This call to attention regarding the importance of cultural context highlights that language does not exist in a vacuum but is rooted in stories, values, and beliefs that differ among cultures and communities. He emphasizes that understanding the cultural context is essential for communicating effectively about environmental issues. For example, how climate change is perceived in a rural community may differ from how it is perceived in an urban community. Therefore, environmental activists, journalists, and policymakers must adapt their language and rhetoric to reflect specific cultural perspectives. This requires sensitivity and openness to intercultural dialogue, thereby creating common ground for addressing global environmental challenges.

Ponton's book reminds us that language is a powerful tool for communication and influence (Lakoff & Johnson 2003, Lakoff 2010). While contemporary environmental discourses often strive to capture the public's attention and advocate for decisive action on climate change, it is crucial to balance the persuasive use of language with accuracy and responsibility. This balance can help build broader and enduring consensus on addressing environmental challenges.

The writer offers a profound and critical analysis of the role of language in modern environmental discourses. Through the examination of the “Boiling Planet” text, he highlights how language can be used persuasively and, at times, manipulatively to influence the public’s perceptions of climate change. The use of exaggerated terms, religious references, and cultural context accentuates how language plays a crucial role in environmental communication. He urges us to reflect on the power of language and to carefully consider the cultural context when addressing environmental issues. He advocates for a science-based approach and emphasizes the importance of constructive and responsible dialogue. In the context of a world facing increasingly urgent environmental challenges, Ponton’s analysis invites us to use language consciously and effectively to build a sustainable future. Ponton’s book serves as a reminder of the importance of communication in the fight against climate change and global environmental issues.

The book concludes with a sense of urgency and hope. The author emphasizes the power of small actions and alludes to the idea of saving ants as a symbol of the significance of individual and communal efforts in building a more sustainable world. This reference to ants serves as an example of how language can create symbols and metaphors that inspire positive environmental actions.

In summary, ‘Exploring Ecolinguistics: Ecological Principles and Narrative Practices’ is a profound and well-structured text that explores the intricate interconnections between language, environment, and narrative. Through careful and in-depth analysis, the author demonstrates how language both reflects and influences the perception and management of environmental issues. This book is of particular interest to academics, linguists, and scholars of the ecology of language, offering a clear and detailed insight into ecolinguistics and its role in understanding and addressing contemporary ecological challenges. Its combination of theory and case studies makes this text a valuable resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of the dynamics between language and the environment.

Its reflective conclusion inspires the reader to consider their role in creating a more sustainable world, emphasizing the power of language in shaping perception and inciting action. In an era where environmental issues are of paramount importance, ‘Exploring Ecolinguistics: Ecological Principles and Narrative Practices provides an essential guide for addressing environmental challenges through the power of language.

_{¹ “The Nature of Things” is a Canadian television series featuring documentary programs. It first aired on CBC Television on November 6, 1960. Most of the programs focus on nature and the impact of human activities on it, but the series also covers documentaries on various scientific subjects.}

About the authors

Anna Raimo

Author for correspondence.
Email: anna.raimo2@unibo.it
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-0334-0945

has a teaching assignment at the Pegaso Telematic University (Italy). She is doing her PhD research in “Literary and Philological Cultures” at the University of Bologna, Italy. Her research interests deal with discourse analysis and ecological themes in the Italian contemporary political discourse.

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