No 3 (2016)

All the diversity of sound signals by mammals is subordinated two basic functions: function implementation of the populations of genotype and function realization of the ecological niche of species populations. The basic functions have resulted from some relatively independent trends in the evolution of sound signals as those developing the genetically determined structure and the ecologically determined functions. A relative independence of the above trends in the sound signal evolution supports variation.

Sand mining is used to extract sand through an open pit. After completion of mining activities sand pits usually undergo rehabilitation: firstly they are graded and then planted with trees and shrubs, but very often sand pits are abandoned to regenerate themselves. The sand pit becomes a source of dust and a hardly healed wound on the earth’s surface. In order to provide an adequate revegetation on such substrates, it is necessary to study ecological peculiarities of growing plants in a very specific environment characterized by high stiffness of slopes and high mobility of the substrate. The vegetation of the sand pits is expected to have a xerophytic habitus and will be similar to desert plants, but that is not the case. The zonal component affects the habitus of the vegetation. However all plants of sand pits have characteristics of psammophytes directly or indirectly. The flora and vegetation of Zvenigorodsky and Dzerzhinsky sand pits on the slopes of southern and northern exposures were studied during this work. It was found that the projective cover constitutes 20-30%. Species diversity is determined by the successions occurring spontaneously after a rough anthropogenic intervention, under the influence of such environmental factors as lighting, texture, moisture and richness of soil. Exactly 98 species of plants were discovered, diversity on the southern slopes was more than twice as higher than on the northern ones. Mesophytes dominated among the plants with a high occurrence, but a lot of xeromesophytes were found as well. The dominance of therophytes in sand pits was not confirmed: the predominance of hemicryptophytes as in the Middle zone of Russia is identified. We can only note the predominance of hemicryptophytes on the northern slopes, as well as the migratio of phanerophytes to the southern slopes. According to the classification of life forms by I. G. Serebryakov, sand slopes are dominated by herbaceous perennial polycarpics, among which long- and short rhizome plants and tap rooted plants are in majority. A significant proportion of tap rooted plants is due to their high degree of adaptation to strong light conditions and resistance to drought. Dominant ecological-coenotic group is that of meadow plants. One should note the lack of affinity of sand pits species diversity with neighboring plant communities (coefficient of P. Jaccard is equal to zero). There are weed and wetland species that migrate on slopes from the bottom of the sand pits. The rate of adventive species is low.

Reserched changes in stability of Populus tremula at different levels of exposure of vehicle emissions. Revealed morphometric differences of the leaf blades Populus tremula at different levels of anthropogenic impact.

Bryansk region is one of the regions of Russia which is characterized by a deficiency of a number of elements in soils and biogeochemical food chain, including iodine. Environmental contamination of the areas with natural iodine deficit by radioiodine isotopes can cause additional risk of negative biological reaction of the thyroid gland. The study shows the results of the analysis ofthe iodine content in 156 potato samples and 208 soil samples of agricultural landscapes, from 113 settlements of the Bryansk region. There are first results of the influence of natural iodine deficiency in agricultural soils and potatoes on the risk of adverse biological reactions of the thyroid gland. One of the results is different contents of iodine in potatoes and soils of landscapes of the three classes of water migration due to differences in the type of parent rocks and by class of water migration of chemical elements in soils. It is confirmed, that in typical landscapes of the H+-Ca2+ class there are highest content of iodine in soil, water and potatoes.

The article considers the analysis of mountain ecosystems condition of the Tian-Shan affected by antropogenic and climate changes contributing to natural hazards formation. Rugged orography, unstable geodynamic environment of the Tien-Shan, result in the occurrence of such natural processes as landslides, debris flows and floods. The frequency and severity of the natural processes are associated with the condition of forest ecosystems. One of the reasons of mountain ecosystems degradation is deforestation. Moreover, the forest shrinkage in the Inner Tien-Shan defines the mesoclimate and associated glaciation systems of the region.

The main ecological problem in each city is the atmospheric pollution and traffic noise. Since 1998 the city, after the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty to Astana, begun to grow rapidly. New buildings, entertainment and cultural centers are being built; the number of vehicles increases. Exhaust gases accumulate in the surface layer of the atmosphere, representing risk to human health. Currently, studies of roadside pollution in Astana are limited to heavy metals. While the need to consider other pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (about 150 priority pollutants), is becoming more popular. The aim of thesis is the identification and quantification of major volatile organic exhaust substances in the atmosphere of the city. Identification of contaminants in the air samples was carried out by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Concentrations of substances increased in direct proportion to the intensity of vehicular traffic. The highest concentration of identified volatile organic compounds observed in central city areas. The received data analysis is the scientific basis for the practical recommendations in assortment of green spaces, resistant to exposure to toxic components of traffic fumes. Improvement of the capital air space will benefit the biomedical dimension of sustainable development.

The present study reveals the interaction of language subsystems of Russian and English languages ​​ in intercultural communication of the scientific community, environmentalists and farmers in agricultural and environmental topics. Analysis in lexical semantics and functioning of terms to improve the professional communication has been performed. The peculiarities of word-formation process in the studied languages have been revealed, required stylistic coloring has been showed. Creation of new words in a language because of the innovative concepts generation inspires translators to find equivalents and variants which are evaluated.

The value of N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky’s works on radiation biogeocenology in environmental radiological monitoring evolution is considered in the article according to the results of historical and scientific analysis. Inspired with the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky’s theory of biosphere and V.N. Sukachev’s biogeocenology Timofeev-Resovsky formed his own unique biogeocenological experimental approach to studying of ionizing radiation impact to biogeocenoses and the biosphere. It is called as the radiation biogeocenology. Due to new methods and techniques it appears to be forerunner of modern radioecology. Timofeev-Resovsky’s observations, tests and experiments allowed him to make models of radionuclide migration in natural ecosystems and the biosphere. He was among the first to highlight the primary role of living organisms and the ecological and biological essence of environmental radiological monitoring.