“Stirring it up!” Emotionality in audience responses to political speeches
- 作者: Bull P.1,2, Waddle M.1
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隶属关系:
- University of York
- University of Salford
- 期: 卷 25, 编号 3 (2021): Emotionalisation of Media Discourse
- 页面: 611-627
- 栏目: Articles
- URL: https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/27475
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-611-627
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Speaker-audience interaction in political speeches has been conceptualised as a form of dialogue between speaker and audience. Of particular importance is research pioneered by Atkinson (e.g., 1983, 1984a, 1984b) on the analysis of rhetorical devices utilised by politicians to invite audience applause. Atkinson was not concerned with emotionalisation in political speech-making, rather with how applause was invited in relation to group identities through ingroup praise and/or outgroup derogation. However, his theory has provided important insights into how speakers invite audience responses, and a powerful stimulus for associated research. The purpose of this article is to address the shortfall of emotionalisation research within the realm of political speeches. We begin with an account of Atkinson’s influential theory of rhetoric, followed by a relevant critique. The focus then turns to our main aim, namely, how key findings from previous speech research can be interpreted in terms of emotionalisation. Specifically, the focus is on audience responses to the words of political speakers, and how different forms of response may reflect audience emotionality. It is proposed that both duration and frequency of invited affiliative audience responses may indicate more positive emotional audience responses, while uninvited interruptive audience applause and booing may provide notable clues to issues on which audiences have strong feelings. It is concluded that there is strong evidence that both invited and uninvited audience responses may provide important clues to emotionalisation - both positive and negative - in political speeches.
作者简介
Peter Bull
University of York; University of Salford
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: profpebull@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4739-2892
Honorary Professor in Psychology at the Universities of York and Salford (UK), and a Fellow of the British Psychological Society. His principal interest is the detailed microanalysis of interpersonal communication, especially political discourse. He has over 100 academic publications, principally concerned with this theme (e.g., Bull, P. (2003) The Microanalysis of Political Communication: Claptrap and Ambiguity, London: Psychology Press).
York, YO10 5DD, UKMaurice Waddle
University of York
Email: maurice.waddle@york.ac.uk
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4679-7759
lectures in the Department of Psychology at the University of York, UK. His research focuses on political communication, particularly the phenomenon of ‘personalisation’. This includes personalised rhetoric used by politicians as a form of evasiveness in political interviews (‘playing the man, not the ball’) and personal attacks in UK Prime Minister’s Questions. He has publications in the Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Parliamentary Affairs, the Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, and the Journal of Social & Political Psychology.
York, YO10 5DD, UK参考
- Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1983. Two devices for generating audience approval: A comparative study of public discourse and text. In Konrad Ehlich & Henk C. van Riemsdijk (eds.), Connectedness in Sentence, Discourse and Text, 199-236. Tilburg: Tilburg Papers in Linguistics
- Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1984a. Our Masters' Voices: The Language and Body Language of Politics. London: Methuen
- Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1984b. Public speaking and audience responses: Some techniques for inviting applause. In J. Maxwell Atkinson & John Heritage (eds.), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis, 370-409. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Atkinson, J. Maxwell. 1985. Refusing invited applause: Preliminary observations from a case study of charismatic oratory. In Teun A. van Dijk (eds.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Volume 3 Discourse and Dialogue, 161-181. London: Academic Press
- Bull, Peter. 2000. Do audiences applaud only ‘claptrap’ in political speeches? An analysis of invited and uninvited applause. Social Psychology Review 2. 32-41.
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- Bull, Peter. 2016. Claps and claptrap: The analysis of speaker-audience interaction in political speeches. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 4 (1). 473-492. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i1.436
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- O’Gorman, Victoria & Peter Bull. 2021. Applause invitations in political speeches: A comparison of two British party political leaders (Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn). Parliamentary Affairs 74 (2). 354-377. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa006
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