Political Discourse, Code-Switching, and Ideology
- 作者: Moody S.1, Eslami Z.R.1,2
-
隶属关系:
- Texas A&M University
- Texas A&M University-Qatar
- 期: 卷 24, 编号 2 (2020): Language, culture and ideology in discursive practices
- 页面: 325-343
- 栏目: Articles
- URL: https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/24096
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-2-325-343
如何引用文章
全文:
详细
Language and Ideology is an area of critical discourse analysis that has increasingly gained importance in the linguistic sciences. The vast influence of the media has provided a need for the explicit analysis of common linguistic mechanisms, particularly those in political discourse. Codeswitching, general pattern in a speech community of switching between two or more available languages or dialects with respect to certain extralinguistic factors (Blom & Gumperz 1972) is strategically employed by politicians to gain support for elections (Jarraya 2013; Craig 2013). Senator Tim Kaine was one of the first White politicians to engage in code-switching during the 2016 presidential election, however his use of Spanish when engaging in political discourse was met with great resistance and skepticism by the media and voters, many of whom felt that he was pandering to Spanish-speaking citizens. Using a language ideologies framework, the present paper seeks to determine how code-switching was used as a political discourse device by Senator Kaine, and how its use varied based on the context of each speech. To answer these questions, four speeches given by Senator Tim Kaine during the 2016 presidential campaign were transcribed and translated. Following descriptive coding procedures by Saldaña (2015), two raters coded instances of codeswitching in each speech for key features of political discourse: a) dissemination of personal information or background; b) repetition; c) hyperbole; d) metaphor; e) metonymy; f) comparisons; 1. promises for the future; h) solidarity; i) legitimization of self as authority; and j) florid verbiage. Results show that Senator Kaine relied most heavily on code-switching during his speech in Miami, Florida, and used it as a tactic to gain support and build solidarity between himself and members of the audience. Additionally, Senator Kaine engaged in much repetition through code-switching to emphasize key points of his speech and political goals. The present study illustrates how codeswitching can be used to cultivate political favor, forge alliances, and demonstrate cultural similarities between White politicians and biand multilingual voters.
作者简介
Stephanie Moody
Texas A&M University
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: smmoody@tamu.edu
has over a decade of experience teaching elementary ESL, and is currently a Ph.D. candidate
College Station, USAZohreh Eslami
Texas A&M University; Texas A&M University-Qatar
Email: zeslami@tamu.edu
Professor in Bilingual/ESL Education program in the Department of Educational Psychology
College Station, USA; Doha, Qatar参考
- Blom, Jan-Petter, John Gumperz & Dell Hymes. 1972. Directions in sociolinguistics. 407-434
- Bwenge, Charles. 2009. Linguistic identity and (re)construction in electoral politics: The case of 2005 Tanzanian parliamentary campaigns. In Koen Bostoen, Akinloye Ojo & Lioba Moshi (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 39th annual conference on African linguistics, 166-178. Cascadilla Proceedings Project
- Chilton, Paul. 2004. Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London, UK: Routledge.
- Chouliaraki, Lilie. 2005. Introduction: The soft power of war: Legitimacy and community in Iraq war discourses. Journal of Language and Politics 4(1). 1-10.
- Corner, John. 2003. Mediated personal and political culture. Media and the Restyling of Politics. 67-84.
- Craig, Geoffrey. 2013. How does a Prime Minister speak?: Kevin Rudd’s discourse, habitus, and negotiation of the journalistic and political fields. Journal of Language and Politics 12 (4). 485-507.
- Davletbaeva, Diana N., Marianna E. Yashina & Alina D. Sharafieva. 2016. Linguistic peculiarities of the modern political discourse of Russia and the USA. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication, and Conflict 20. 242-247.
- Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis. Longman.
- Hague, Rod, Martin Harrop & Shaun Breslin. 1998. Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction. 4th edn. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hay, Colin. 2013. Political discourse analysis: The dangers of methodological absolutism. Political Studies Review 11 (3). 321-327
- Jarraya, Soufien. 2013. Persuasion in political discourse: Tunisian President Ben Ali's last speech as a Case Study
- Johnson, Kevin R. & Bernard Trujillo. 2011. Immigration Law and the US-Mexico Border: ¿Sí Se Puede?. University of Arizona Press
- Kementchedjhieva, Yova. 2016. Code-switching as strategically employed in political discourse. Lifespans and Styles 2 (1). 3-9
- Krogstad, Jens Manuel, Jeffrey S. Passel & D’Vera Cohn. 2019. 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S. Pew Research Center. [Electronic resource]. URL:https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-inthe-u-s/
- Lipka, Michael. 2015. A closer look at Catholic America. Pew Research Center. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/09/14/a-closer-look-atcatholic-america/
- McCann, James A., & Katsuo A. Nishikawa Chavez. 2016. Partisanship by invitation: Immigrants respond to political campaigns. The Journal of Politics 78 (4). 1196-1210
- Medina, Brenda. 2018. Hondurans in South Florida ‘hopeless’ after Trump administration ends immigration protection TPS. Miami Herald. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article210523599.html
- Mirzaei, Azizullah, Zohreh. R. Eslami & Fatemeh Safari. 2017. Exploring RhetoricalDiscursive Practices of Rouhani’s Presidential Campaign and Victory of his Prudenceand-Hope Key: A Discourse of Persuasion. Russian Journal of Linguistics. Special issue Discourse Analysis in the 21st Century: theory and practice 27 (1). 161-182
- Ponton, Douglas, M. 2016. Movements and Meanings towards an Integrated Approach to Political Discourse Analysis. Russian Journal of Linguistics 20 (4). 122-139
- Newman, Benjamin J., Sono Shah & Loren Collingwood. 2018. Race, place, and building a base: Latino population growth and the nascent Trump campaign for president. Public Opinion Quarterly 82 (1). 122-134
- Noe-Bustamante, Luis, Antonio Flores & Sono Shah. 2019. Facts on Latinxs of Honduran origin in the United States, 2017. Pew Research Center. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.pewresearch.org/Latinx/fact-sheet/u-s-Latinxs-facts-on-honduran-originlatinos/
- Obeng, Samuel Gyasi. 1997. Language and politics: Indirectness in political discourse. Discourse & Society 8 (1). 49-83
- Opeibi, Tunde Olusola. 2007. One message, many tongues: An exploration of media multilingualism in Nigerian political discourse. Journal of Language and Politics 6 (2). 223-248
- Quam, Justin & Marianna Ryshina-Pankova. 2016. “Let me tell you…” Audience Engagement Strategies in the Campaign Speeches of Trump Clinton, and Sanders. Russian Journal of Linguistics 20 (4). 140-160
- Reyes, Antonio. 2015. Building intimacy through linguistic choices, text structure, and voices in political discourse. Language & Communication 43. 58-71
- Robinson, R. 2016. Top ten demographic trends in Austin, Texas. Austintexas.gov Saldaña, Johnny. 2015. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage Publishing.
- Scotton, Carol Myers & William Ury. 1977. Bilingual strategies: The social functions of codeswitching. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 13. 5-20.
- Uzum, Baburhan & Melike Uzum. 2010. The historical and linguistic analysis of Turkish politician's’ speech. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 23 (4). 213-224.
- van Dijk, Teun A. 2006a. Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society 17 (2). 359-383
- van Dijk, Teun A. 2006b. Politics, ideology, and discourse. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00722-7
- van Dijk, Teun A. 1998. Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. SAGE
- van Dijk, Teun A. 1997. What is political discourse analysis? Belgian Journal of Linguistics 11 (1). 11-52
- van Dijk, Teun A. 1993. Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society 4 (2). 249-283
- Wei, Jennifer M.Y. 2003. Codeswitching in campaigning discourse: The case of Taiwanese president Chen Shui-bian. Language and Linguistics 4 (1). 139-165
- Weiss, Gilbert, & Ruth Wodak. 2003. Introduction: Theory, interdisciplinarity and critical discourse analysis. In Gilbert Weiss & Ruth Wodak (eds.), Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity, 1-34. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan
- Wodak, Ruth. 2009. Language and politics. In Jonathan Culpeper, Paul Kerswill, Ruth Wodak, Tony McEnery & Francis Katamba (eds.), English Language: Description, Variation and Context, 576-593. Palgrave Macmillan
- Wodak, Ruth. 2004. Preface: The power of language in political discourse. Journal of Language and Politics 3 (3). 381-383
- Young, Vershawn Ashanti. 2009. "Nah, we straight": An argument against code switching. JAC. 49-76
- ABC15 Arizona. 2016, July 27. Full Tim Kaine acceptance speech 2016 Democratic National Convention. YouTube. https://youtu.be/w1scCwsnwIs
- Grossmand, Les. 2016, July 23. Tim Kaine full speech in English and Spanish in Miami. YouTube. https://youtu.be/rR0j7Xt8ez4
- Grossmand, Les. 2016, July 23. Tim Kaine full speech in English and Spanish in Miami. YouTube. https://youtu.be/rR0j7Xt8ez4
- Kaine, Tim. 2016, August 9. Full speech: Tim Kaine speech in Austin, Texas. YouTube. https://youtu.be/LfMltcKO43c
- Kaine, Tim. 2016, August 30. Tim Kaine speech in Lancaster, PA. YouTube. https://youtu.be/hfdyYTlhogs
- Office of Immigration Statistics. 2013. Immigration data and statistics. Department of Homeland Security. https://www.dhs.gov/data-statistics
- S. Census Bureau. 2015. Quick facts: Miami-Dade County, Florida. http://www.census.gov/ quickfacts/table/RHI725215/12086
- S. Census Bureau. 2016. Newsroom: Facts for features. http://www.census.gov/ newsroom/facts-for-features/2016/cb16-ff16.html