Metaphor as the refection of culture determined cognition

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The article belongs to the cognitive dimension of contemporary cognitive linguistics based on the idea that the processes of the world conceptualization take place in the context of a certain culture and language imparting culturally determined character to our cognition. The ethnocultural specificity of cognition has various forms of manifestation in language, the most explicit of which is metaphor because the very nature of our thinking is metaphorical and reflects the correspondence with experience which is also culture-specific. The study aims to investigate how culturally determined cognition finds its manifestation in metaphor. The main goal of the article is to point out and characterize the forms of manifestation of ethnocultural specificity of metaphor in the text. The analysis is based on a corpus of 860 metaphorical expressions obtained from 34 English-language fiction texts. The main methods of analysis are conceptual, comparative-culturological and contextual analyses. The introduction contains a short survey of theoretical works related to the interaction of language, cognition and culture and describes the way methods are applied. In the second part the author analyses the interrelations between three branches of linguistics: ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology, and cultural linguistics united on the basis of their interest in the study of language in the cultural aspect. The main body of the article presents the analysis of metaphor in the aspect of culture specific cognition which results in the identification of three forms of representing the culturally determined cognition in metaphor: 1) the degree of metaphorical density of the text and the manner of metaphorical representation from the perspective of explicitness/implicitness; 2) the specificity of conceptual spheres which serve as the source of metaphors; 3) the choice of objects of metaphorical description determined by the sociocultural conventions of a linguocultural society. By way of conclusion, the author outlines the prospects of metaphor studies in the aspect of culture specific cognition.

About the authors

Lyubov A. Kozlova

Altai State Pedagogical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: lyubovkozlova@list.ru

is Doctor of Philology (Advanced Doctorate), Professor at Altai State Pedagogical University. Her research interests embrace cognitive semantics, ethnolinguistics, intercultural communication, and comparative typology

55 Molodyezhnaya street, Barnaul, Russia, 656031

References

  1. Беляева-Станден Е.И. Межкультурная прагматика совета - русско-американский диалог: Почему ты меня все время критикуешь? Языковое сознание: теоретические и прикладные аспекты. Москва; Барнаул: Изд-во Алт. ун-та, 2004. С. 305-319. [Belyava-Standen, Elena. 2004. Mezhkul'turnaya pragmatika soveta - russko-amerikanskij dialog: ‘Pochemu ty menya vsyo vremya kritikuesh’? (Intercultural pragmatics of giving advice - Russian-American Dialogue: “Why are you always critical of me”?) In Natalia Ufimtseva et al. (eds.), Yazykovoe soznanie: Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty, 305-319. Moscow; Barnaul: Altai State University Pulishing.].
  2. Беляевская Е.Г. Культурологическая информация в семантике языковых единиц Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики. 2007. № 4. С. 44-50. [Belyaevskaya, Elena. 2007. Kul'turologicheskaya informaciya v semantike yazykovyh edinic (Cultural information in natural language semantics). Issues of Cognitive Linguistics 4. 44-50].
  3. Богданова Л.И. Оценочные смыслы в русской грамматике (на материале глаголов эмоционального отношения) Вестник РУДН. Серия: Лингвистика. Russian Journal of Linguistics. 2018. Т. 22. № 4. С. 844-873. [Bogdanova, Ludmila. 2018. Evaluative senses in Russian grammar (on the basis of verbs of emotional attitude). Russian Journal of Linguistics 22 (4). 844-873.] doi: 10.22363/2312-9182-2018-22-4-844-873.
  4. Болдырев Н.Н. Язык и система знаний. Когнитивная теория языка. Москва: Издательский Дом ЯСК, 2018. [Boldirev, Nikolay. 2018. Language and the System of Knowledge. A Cognitive Theory of Language. Moscow: LRC Publishing house].
  5. Бочегова Н.Н. Национально-культурная специфика художественного текста и способы ее выражения Studia Linguistica. Перспективные направления современной лингвистики. Вып. XII. СПб.: РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена, 2003. С. 242-252. [Bochegova, Natalia. 2003. Nacional'no-kul'turnaya specifika hudozhestvennogo teksta i sposoby ee vyrazheniya (Ethnic cultural features in fiction texts end means of its rendering). Studia Linguistica. Perspektivnye napravleniya sovremennoj lingvistiki Vol. XII. 242-252. St. Petersburg, Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University].
  6. Будаев Э.В. 2007. Политическая метафора в лингвокультурологическом аспекте. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/politicheskaya-metafora-v-lingvokulturologicheskom-aspekte (дата обращения: 06.05.2020). [Budaev, Eduard. 2007. Politicheskaya metafora v lingvokul'turologicheskom aspekte (Political metaphor in linguocultural aspect). URL: retrieved from: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/politicheskaya-metafora-v-lingvokulturologicheskom-aspekte (accessed 06 May 2020)].
  7. Будаев Э.В. Сопоставительная политическая метафорология. Автореф. дисс. … д-ра филол. наук. Екатеринбург, 2010. [Budaev Eduard 2010. Sopostavitel'naya Politicheskaya Metaforologiya (Comparative Studies of Political Metaphor). Avtoref. … d-ra filol. nauk. Ekaterinburg].
  8. Будаев Э.В., Чудинов А.П. Современная российская политическая метафорология (2011-2020 гг.) Филологический класс. 2020. 25 (2). С. 103-113. [Budaev, Eduard & Anatoly Chudinov. 2020. Contemporary Russian Political Metaphorology (2011-2020). Philological Class 25 (2). 103-113.] doi: 10.26170/FK20-02-09.
  9. Виноградов В.А. Классификационные типы в движении Res Linguistica: сборник статей к 60-летию профессора В.П. Нерознака. Москва: Academia, 1999. С. 420-423. [Vinogradov, Viktor. 1999. Klassifikacionnye tipy v dvizhenii (Classification types in movement). Res Linguistica: sbornik statej k 60-letiyu professora V.P. Neroznaka, 420-423. Moscow: Academia].
  10. Виноградов В.В. Язык Пушкина: Пушкин и история русского литературного языка. Москва: Наука, 2000. [Vinogradov, Viktor. 2000. Yazyk Pushkina: Pushkin i istoriya russkogo literaturnogo yazyka (The Language of Alexander Pushkin: Pushkin and the History of the Russian Literary Language). Moscow: Nauka].
  11. Гак В.Г. Язык как форма самовыражения народа Язык как средство трансляции культуры. Москва: Наука, 2000. С. 54-68. [Gak, Vladimir. 2000. Yazyk kak forma samovyrazheniya naroda (Language as means of a nation’s self-expressing). In M.B. Eschich et al. (eds.), Yazyk kak sredstvo translyacii kul'tury, 54-68. Moscow: Nauka].
  12. Гумбольдт фон В. Избранные труды по языкознанию. Пер. с нем. под ред. и с предисл. д-ра филол. н., проф. Г.В. Рамишвили. 2-е изд. Москва: Прогресс, 2000. [Humboldt, Wilhelm, von. 2000. Izbrannye trudy po yazykoznaniyu (Selected Papers in Linguistics). In G.V. Ramishvili (eds.), Moscow: Progress].
  13. Дехнич О.В. Культурная когниция и метафора: теоретические наброски западной теории Когнитивные исследования языка. Вып. XXXIV. Москва: МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова: Неолит, 2018. С. 120-122. [Dekhnich, Olga. 2018. Cultural Cognition and Metaphor: Theoretical Sketches of Western Theory. Cognitive Studies of Language Vol. XXXIV. 120-122. Moscow Lomonosov State University].
  14. Добровольский Д.О. Национально-культурная специфика во фразеологии Вопросы языкознания. 1997. № 6. С. 37-48. [Dobrovol'skij, Dmitry. 1997. Nacional'no-kul'turnaya specifika vo frazeologii (Ethnic cultural peculiarities in phraseology). Voprosy yazykoznaniya 6. 37-48].
  15. Зализняк А.А., Левонтина И.Б., Шмелев А.Д. Ключевые идеи русской языковой картины мира. Москва: Языки славянской культуры, 2005. [Zalizniak, Anna, Levontina, Irina & Alexey Šmelev. 2005. Klyučevye idei russkoj jazikovoy kartiny mira (Key Ideas of the Russian Language Picture of the World]. Moscow: Jaziki slavyanskoy kul`tury Publ.].
  16. Зализняк А.А., Левонтина И.Б., Шмелев А.Д. Константы и переменные русской языковой картины мира: монография. Москва: Языки славянской культуры, 2012. [Zalizniak, Anna, Levontina, Irina & Alexey Šmelev.2012. Konstanty I peremennye russkoj jazikovoy kartiny mira (Constants and Variables of the Russian Language Picture of the World). Moscow: Jaziki slavyanskoy kul`tury Publ.].
  17. Зыкова И.В. Концептосфера культуры и фразеология: Теория и методы лингвокультурологического изучения. Москва: Ленанд, 2015. [Zykova, Irina. 2015. Konceptosfera kul'tury i frazeologiya: Teoriya i metody lingvokul'turologicheskogo izucheniya (Conceptual Framework of Culture and Phraseology: Theory and Methodology of Theoretical Studies). Moscow: Lenand].
  18. Иванова С.В. Лингвокультурология и лингвокогнитология: сопряжение парадигм. Уфа: РИО БашГУ, 2004. [Ivanova, Svetlana. 2004. Lingvokul'turologiya i lingvokognitologiya: sopryazhenie paradigm (Cultural and Cognitive Linguistics: Blending of the Two Paradigms). Ufa: Bashkir State University Publ.].
  19. Иванова С.В., Чанышева З.З. Слово в контексте культурно-исторического универсума: на примере политического дискурса США Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Лингвистика. Russian Journal of Linguistics. 2018. Т. 22. № 4. С. 821-843. [Ivanova, Svetlana, & Zulfira Chanysheva. 2018. Slovo v kontekste kulturno-istoricheskogo universuma: na primere politicheskogo diskursa SSHA (A Word in the context of a cultural and historical universe: Some case studies from the US political discourse). Russian Journal of Linguistics 22 (4). 821-843]. DOI: 22363/2312-9182-22-4-821-843.
  20. Кабакова Г.И. Французская этнолингвистика: проблематика и методология Вопросы языкознания. 1993. № 6. С. 100-113. [Kabakova, Galina. 1993. Frantsuzskaya etnolingvistika: problematika i metodologiya (French ethnolinguistics: problems and methodology). Voprosy yazykoznaniya 66. 100-113].
  21. Козлова Л.А. Этнокультурный потенциал грамматического строя языка и его реализация в грамматике говорящего: монография. Изд 2-е, испр. и доп. Барнаул: АлтГПА, 2012. [Kozlova, Lyubov. 2012. Etnokul'turnyj potencial grammaticheskogo stroya yazyka i ego realizaciya v grammatike govoryashchego (Ethnic cultural potential of the grammar of a language and its actualization in the speaker’s grammar). Barnaul: Altai State Pedagogical Academy Publ.].
  22. Козлова Л.А. Этнокультурный потенциал залоговых форм и его дискурсная актуализация Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Лингвистика. 2018. Т. 22. № 4. С. 874-894. [Kozlova, Lyubov. 2018. The ethnocultural potential of voice forms and its discourse actualization. Russian Journal of Linguistics 22 (4). 874-894] doi: 10.22363/2312-9182-2018-22-4-874-894.
  23. Ларина Т.В. Этностилистика в ее коммуникативном аспекте Известия РАН. Серия литературы и языка. 2007. Т. 66. № 3. С. 3-17. [Larina, Tatiana. 2007. Etnostilistika v ee kommunikativnom aspekte (Ethnostylistics in communicative perspective). Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Literature and Language 66 (3). 3-17].
  24. Ларина Т.В. Категория вежливости и стиль коммуникации: сопоставление английских и русских лингвокультурных традиций. Москва: Языки славянских культур, 2009. [Larina, Tatiana. 2009. Kategoriya vezhlivosti i stil' kommunikacii: sopostavlenie anglijskih i russkih lingvokul'turnyh tradicij (Politeness and Сommunicative Styles: Comparison of English and Russian Culture Traditions). Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskih kul'tur Publ.].
  25. Ларина Т.В. Основы межкультурной коммуникации: учебник для студ. учреждений высш. образования. Москва: Издательский центр «Академия», 2017. [Larina, Tatiana. 2017. Osnovy mezhkul'turnoj kommunikacii (Intercultural Communication). Moscow: Izdatel'skij centr «Akademiya»].
  26. Ларина Т.В., Озюменко В.И. Свобода личности как конституирующий компонент английского дискурса. Известия Южного Федерального университета. Филологические науки. 2017. № 2. С. 160-172. [Larina, Tatiana & Vladimir Ozyumenko. 2017. Personal freedom as a constitutive element of English discourse. Izvestiya Yuzhnogo Federal'nogo universiteta. Filologicheskie nauki 2. 160-172].
  27. Падучева Е.В. Феномен Анны Вежбицкой // Вежбицкая А. Язык. Культура. Познание: Пер. с англ. Отв. ред. М. А. Кронгауз, вступ. ст. Е. В. Падучевой. Москва: Pvcские словари, 1996. С. 5-32. [Paducheva, Elena. 1996. Fenomen Anny Vezhbickoj. In Maksim Krongauz (eds.), A. Wierzbicka. Language. Culture. Cognition. Moscow: Russkie slovari].
  28. Сепир Э. Избранные труды по языкознанию и культурологии. Пер. с англ. Москва: Прогресс-Универс, 1993. [Sapir, Edward. 1993. Izbrannye trudy po yazykoznaniyu i kul'turologii (Selected Papers in Linguistics and Culture Studies). Moscow: Progress-Univers].
  29. Соссюр де Ф. Труды по языкознанию. Перевод с французского под редакцией А.А. Холодовича. Москва: Прогресс, 1977. [Saussure, Ferdinand, de. 1977. Trudy po yazykoznaniyu (Papers in Linguistics). Moscow: Progress Publ.].
  30. Стоянова Е. Метафора сквозь призму лингвокультурной ситуации. Шумен: Университетско изд-во «Епископ Константин Преславски», 2013. [Stoyanova, Elena. 2013. Metafora skvoz' prizmu lingvokul'turnoj situacii (Metaphor in the Light of Linguocultural Context). Shumen: Universitetsko izd-vo «Episkop Konstantin Preslavski»].
  31. Телия В.Н. Русская фразеология: семантический, прагматический и культурологический аспекты. Москва: Языки русской культуры, 1996. [Teliya, Veronika. 1996. Russkaya frazeologiya: semanticheskij, pragmaticheskij i kul'turologicheskij aspekty (Russian Phraseology: Semantic, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects). Moscow: Yazyki russkoj kul'tury].
  32. Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная коммуникация. Москва: Слово, 2000. [Ter-Minasova, Svetlana. 2000. Yazyk i mezhkul'turnaya kommunikaciya (Language and Intercultural Communication). Moscow: Slovo Publ.].
  33. Толстой Н.И. Язык и народная культура: Очерки по славянской мифологии и этнолингвистике. Москва: Индрик, 1995. [Tolstoj, Nikita. 1995. Yazyk i narodnaya kul'tura: Ocherki po slavyanskoj mifologii i etnolingvistike (Language and Folk Culture: Essays in Slavic Mythology and Ethnolinguistics). Moscow: Indrik Publ.].
  34. Чудинов А.П. Россия в метафорическом зеркале: Когнитивное исследование политической метафоры (1991-2000): Монография. Екатеринбург: Урал. гос. пед. ун-т, 2001 [Chudinov, Anatoly. 2001. Rossiya v metaforicheskom zerkale: Kognitivnoe issledovanie politicheskoj metafory (1991-2000) (Russia in the Mirror of Metaphor: Cognitive Study of Political Metaphor). Ekaterinburg: Ural State Pedagogical Institute].
  35. Bartmiński, Jerzy. 2017. Ethnolinguistics in the year of 2016. Etnolingwistyka 28. 9-31. doi: 10.17951/et.2016.28.7.
  36. Deignan, Alice. 2003. Metaphorical expressions and culture: An indirect link. Metaphor and Symbol 18 (4). 255-271.
  37. Deutscher, Guy. 2010. Through the Language Glass, Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages. New York: Metropolitan books, Henry Holt and Company.
  38. Enfield, Nick, F. 2004. Ethnosyntax: Introduction. In Enfield, Nick, F (eds.), Ethnosyntax: explorations in grammar and culture, 1-30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  39. Everett, Daniel L. 2013. Language - the Cultural Tool. London: Profile Books.
  40. Fauconnier, Gilles & Mark Turner. 1998. Conceptual integration networks. Cognitive Science 22. 133-187.
  41. Fox, Kate. 2014. Watching the English. The Hidden Rules of English Behaviour. Londod.: Hodder & Stoughton.
  42. Goddard, Cliff. 2004. Ethnosyntax, ethnopragmatics, sign-functions, and culture. In Nick L. Enfield (eds.), Ethnosyntax. explorations in grammar and culture 52-73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  43. Goddard, Cliff. 2006. Ethnopragmatics: a new paradigm: Ethnopragmatics. In Cliff Goddard (eds.), Understanding discourse in cultural context 1-20. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  44. Kövecses, Zoltán. 2005. Metaphor in Culture. Universality and Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  45. Kövecses, Zoltán. 2010. A new look at metaphorical creativity in cognitive linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics 21(4). 663-697.
  46. Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, Chicago University Press.
  47. Larina, Tatiana. 2015. Culture-specific communicative styles as a framework for interpreting linguistic and cultural idiosyncrasies. International Review of Pragmatics. Special issue: Communicative styles and genres 7 (5). 195-215.
  48. Matsuki, Keiko. 1995. Metaphors of anger in Japanese. In J. Taylor & R.E. Maclaury (eds.), Language and the Cognitive Construal of the World, 137-151. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  49. Musolff, Andreas. 2004. Metaphor and conceptual evolution. Metaphoric de 7. 55-75.
  50. Musolff, Andreas. 2019. Creativity in Metaphor Interpretation. Russian Journal of Linguistics 23 (1). 23-39. doi: 10.22363/2312-9182-2019-23-1-23-39.
  51. Palmer, Gary B. 1996. Toward a Theory of Cultural Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  52. Sharifian, Farzad. 2011. Cultural Conceptualizations and Language. Theoretical Framework and Applications. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  53. Sharifian, Farzad. 2012. Linguistic theory and cultural conceptualizations. Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 1 (3). 93-110.
  54. Sharifian, Farzad. 2017. Cultural linguistics Ethnolinguistic 28. 33-61. doi: 10.17951/et.2016.28.31.
  55. Sharifian, Farzad F., & Palmer, Gary B. (eds.). 2007. Applied Cultural Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  56. Steen, Gerald J. & Gibbs, Raymond W. 1997. Introduction. In Gerald D. Steen & Raymond W. Gibbs (eds.), Metaphor in cognitive linguistics. Selected papers from the fifth international cognitive linguistics conference, 1-8. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  57. Sweetser, Eve & Gilles Fauconnier. 1996. Cognitive links and domains: basic aspects of mental space theory. In Eve Sweetser & Gilles Fauconnier (eds.), Spaces, worlds, and grammar, 1-28. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  58. Turner, Mark & Gilles Fauconnier. 1995. Conceptual integration and formal expression. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10 (3). 183-203.
  59. Wierzbicka, Anna. 1992. Semantics, Culture and Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  60. Wierzbicka, Anna. 2003/1991. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction. 2nd ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  61. Wierzbicka, Anna. 2006. English. Meaning and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  62. Wierzbicka, Anna. 2010. Cross-cultural communication and miscommunication: the role of cultural keywords. Intercultural Pragmatics 7 (1). 1-23.
  63. Yu, Ning. 2018. LIFE as OPERA. A Cultural Metaphor in Chinese. In Sharifian, Farzad (eds.), Advances in cultural linguistics, 65-87. Singapore: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-4056-6_4.
  64. Новый Большой англо-русский словарь: в 3 т. Под общ. рук. Э.М. Медниковой и Ю.Д. Апресяна. Москва: Русский язык, 1993
  65. Atwood, Margaret. 1981. Bodily Harm. Toronto: Seal Books.
  66. Atwood, Margaret. 1982. Lady Oracle. London: Virago Press.
  67. Atwood, Margaret. 1988. Great Unexpectations In Van Spanckeren and Castro (ed.) Margaret Atwood. Vision and Form. Carbondale and Edwardville: Southern Illinois University Press, xii - xvi.
  68. Brodsky, Joseph. 2005. Watermark. St. Petersburg: Azbooka Publishing House.
  69. Bryson, Bill. 1998. Notes from a Small Island. London: Black Swan.
  70. Buchan, Elizabeth. 2002. Revenge of the Middle-Aged Woman. London: Penguin Books.
  71. Buchan, Elizabeth. 2010. Wives Behaving Badly. London: Penguin Books.
  72. Coetzee, John Michael. 1980. Waiting for the Barbarians. London: Penguin Books.
  73. Coetzee, John Michael. 2000. Disgrace. London: Penguin Books.
  74. Coetzee, John Michael. 2010. Summertime: Scenes from Provincial Life. London: Vintage Books.
  75. Forsyth, Frederick. 2003. Avenger. London: Gorgi Books.
  76. Fry, Stephen. 1997. The Liar. London: Arrow Books.
  77. George, Elizabeth. 2009. Careless in Red. London: Hoddr & Stoughton.
  78. Gail, Honeyman. 2017. Eleanor Oliphant is Completely Fine. London: Harper Cillins Publishers
  79. Hosseini, Khaled. 2003.The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead Books.
  80. Hosseini, Khaled. 2008. A Thousand Splendid Suns. New York: Riverhead Books.
  81. Hosseini, Khaled. 2013. And the Mountains Echoed. New York: Riverhead Books.
  82. Ishiguro, Kazuo. 1982. A Pale View of Hills. London: Faber & Faber Limited.
  83. Ishiguro, Kazuo. 1986. An Artist of the Floating World. London: Faber & Faber Limited.
  84. Ishiguro, Kazuo. 2000. When We were Orphans. London: Faber & Faber Limited.
  85. Kinsella, Sophie. 2006. The Undomestic Goddess. London: Black Swan.
  86. Lindberg, Anne Morrow. 1955. A Gift from the Sea. New York: Pantheon Books.
  87. Mayle, Peter. 1991. A Year in Provence. New York: Vintage Books.
  88. Mayle, Peter. 2000. Encore Provence. London: Penguin Books.
  89. Mayle, Peter. 2004. A Good Year. New York: Alfred A.Knopf.
  90. McEwan, Ian. 2007. Atonement. London, Vintage Books.
  91. Moyes, Jojo. 2005. The Ship of Brides. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
  92. Murdoch, Iris. 1975. A Word Child. London: Chato & Windus.
  93. Murdoch, Iris. 1978. The Sea, The Sea. London: Penguin Books.
  94. Nabokov, Vladimir. 1990. Pnin In Vladimir Nabokov. Selected Prose and Verse. Moscow: Raduga Publishers.
  95. Ozeki, Ruth. 2013. A Tale for the Time Being. Edinburgh - London: Canongate.
  96. Roberts, Gregory David. 2004. Shantaram. London: Abacus.
  97. Tan, Amy. 1989. The Joy Luck Club. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
  98. Tan, Amy. 2006. The Kitchen God’s Wife. London: Penguin Books.

Copyright (c) 2020 Kozlova L.A.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies