Моделирование подходов к информатизации проектной деятельности в средней школе

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Problem statement. The project method has been actively used in modern pedagogy since the 20th century (see, for example, [1-3]). We live in the digital age, when activities can no longer exist outside of digital spaces, when it is impossible to neglect modern technologies. Long-established methods should be improved taking into account the use of modern technologies for their implementation. So the project method, which has long been used in education, as well as in the economy, is undergoing changes and gaining new opportunities. In business, this method has undergone a digital transformation, it is no longer used outside of digital technologies, since the method was able to be integrated into business management systems. In education, however, there is no such system informatization of the project method, which, in our opinion, does not allow us to use it fully. Subprojects in school are often understood as abstract research on a specific topic, creating a presentation and presentation, and defending a project. The most accurate use of the project method can be traced in computer science, when children create a software product with its subsequent protection for the audience. And in business, the method has found the greatest application in IT companies. Currently, there are enough software products that allow you to manage projects. But considering the research in the field of application of the project method and its informatization, we noticed that in pedagogy, the project method is considered from the point of view of creating a project and an important part is missed - project management. Of course, when applying the project method in education, we are talking about two sides: the didactic part and the educational project itself. As part of the research hypothesis, we assume that we will be able to apply the experience and standards of applying the project method in business, project management technology in business for the implementation of educational projects. Another task that becomes most effectively solved when using the project method using information technology is the task of evaluating the work of students, especially relevant, evaluating each team member while working on the project. For teachers, the important task of accumulating grades in the subjects taught is solved. Since one of the difficulties of implementing project activities in the educational process is also the formation of a balanced load of the student and teacher, since there are already working programs in the subjects, there is a schedule: the time of students and teachers is scheduled. And there is always the question of how to organize the work on the project. Of course, in high school there is a separate time allocated for the subject “individual project”, but we understand that this is not enough for the full implementation of the project, as well as the participation of only one teacher to work with students on an interdisciplinary project. In other words, project activities should be integrated into the quality management system of the educational organization, and not be something foreign, additional, complicating the work of students and teachers. Method of research. The study used a modeling method, and also analyzed the national standards of the Russian Federation on project management[3] for modeling the educational project management system using information technologies. Results and discussions. The Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary General Education provides for the implementation of an individual project by students for a year or two years, while projects are classified as information, creative, applied, design, engineering, and so on[4]. For such a long-term work, a well-developed project management system is necessary, which also includes a control system. For these purposes, we have built a model of educational project management, based on the national standards of the Russian Federation on project management. To build a system of processes, we take as a basis the system adopted in one of the national standards of the Russian Federation[5], and project it on the management of the school project (Figure 1). The standards define five consecutive phases of the project life cycle, which are shown in Figure 2. Figure 1. Project management process system Figure 2. Project life cycle Moreover, the subsequent phase cannot begin without the successful completion of the previous phase. This is the key to the quality of project management. At the first stage of the project life cycle (initiation), work is carried out on the formation of the project team, the distribution of roles in the team, and the definition of project goals. At the same time, it is important to note that when determining the project goals, the team needs to answer the following questions: what task is being solved? Who is the beneficiary as a result of solving the problem? What concrete and measurable benefits does it acquire? At the second stage (definition), the team determines the list of the main interim results of the project, the list of necessary resources for the implementation of the project. Moreover, the project manager helps teams identify the main interim results, determine the order and forms of reporting on each result, taking into account the roles of each team member (you can say, determine the list of tasks for team members). Also, the project management team, together with the project team members, determines the criteria and indicators of the quality of the results obtained (used for evaluating the subjects in which the competencies necessary for the implementation of the project were obtained). During the planning phase, the interim results of the project receive specific deadlines - a project implementation plan and a reporting plan are formed. It also defines the methods of working with changes - the procedure for making changes to the project implementation plan. After the planning is fully completed, the monitoring phase begins: students' activities to implement the plan are launched, taking into account all planned reporting. At the same time, the project curators (project management) - subject teachers - evaluate the implementation of the corresponding intermediate results. The final process of this phase is the acceptance of the project. At the completion phase, a final report on the project is prepared, an archive of project documentation is formed, achievements are evaluated, and project experience is summarized. The experience of using information technologies in schools shows that despite the wide variety of technologies and their huge capabilities, it is not always easy for teachers to understand in what situation and how to use these technologies [4]. In our research, we help to solve this problem by showing the possibility of using specific technologies in this situation, namely in the processes of managing educational projects. In order to be able to effectively implement the management of all phases of the project, we used the Trello project management system. The most important thing, in our opinion, is that this system allows all project participants to communicate with each other, record all comments and discussion stories, exchange external files within the project, and each file will be linked to a specific point in the project implementation plan and will be stored directly in the information system, which will allow all project participants to have access to information regardless of their location. For automation purposes, we have created two electronic boards “Project preparation” and “Project implementation”. Moreover, the “Project preparation” board is a standard one, suitable for any project (Figures 3, 4). The electronic board “Project implementation” will already be individual for each project and will be built in accordance with the plan. Moreover, for each element of the plan, you can assign those responsible and describe the task and the reporting procedure in more detail in the card, set deadlines, and the system will automatically remind you of the deadline for a particular task. It is important that each element of the plan can be broken down into smaller steps, the so-called checklist. The system also allows project participants to comment on the progress of the project for each step (inside the card). Figure 3. Electronic board “Project preparation” Figure 4. Electronic board “Project implementation” Teachers-curators, along with curators from universities or enterprises, should also have access to the boards to directly comment, answer questions, and evaluate the progress of the project. We get a network structure that allows many project participants to interact within the framework of working on the project at once. These technologies are close and understandable to modern schoolchildren, they are one of the trends of the digital age, which makes it possible to further interest children [5]. But there are also disadvantages to this system. This is an external system for the school, it requires additional authorization of users, individual accounts. Trello can be added to the classroom in the Teams system from Microsoft Office, which was actively used in the distance learning format during the restrictive measures related to the pandemic, but these systems are not directly integrated with the Moscow e-School. Of course, if there are grounds for using the project method at the level of the Federal State Educational Standard, it is necessary to study the issue of providing students with the opportunity to manage projects using the platform of the Moscow e-School. This approach would allow us to apply scientifically proven requirements for standardization and unification of educational resources [6], which would raise the level of informatization to a higher level. Thus, it would be easier to methodically describe the project, immediately assigning to each stage of the project the necessary elements of the curriculum of the relevant subject, and then evaluate the project not only as a whole, but to transfer the assessments to the relevant subject topics with automatic grading in an electronic journal, thereby using the project activity not as something separate, but as a component of the educational process, a component of the educational program, work at the intersection of subject areas. Conclusion. For the full and modern use of the project method in the digital age, it is most effective to use modern technologies [7; 8]. Our main conclusions are that when using the project method in educational activities, it is also important to pay attention to building a project management system, as if we were working on projects in professional activities. Moreover, the use of network technologies plays an important role in the informatization of educational project management, that is, project management systems contain all the functions of network interaction and cloud technologies. Moreover, the use of the project method in educational activities with the use of project management information systems introduces students not only to work in projects, to work in teams, but also to use modern technologies, which allows high school students to gain competencies in the field of modern technologies that are used in real professional activities [7; 9-15]. Thus, we believe that it is necessary to use project management information systems for educational projects in high school, and we were able to successfully use the experience of project management in professional activities in the management of educational projects in high school.

Об авторах

Елена Александровна Мирюгина

Московский городской педагогический университет

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: miryugina.ea@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5435-9199

аспирант, департамент информатизации образования

Российская Федерация, 127521, Москва, ул. Шереметьевская, д. 29

Виктор Семенович Корнилов

Московский городской педагогический университет

Email: vs_kornilov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0476-3921

доктор педагогических наук, кандидат физико-математических наук, профессор, департамент информатизации образования

Российская Федерация, 127521, Москва, ул. Шереметьевская, д. 29

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