Varieties of English and Kachru’s Expanding Circle

封面

如何引用文章

全文:

详细

In this overview article, we present the motivations for compiling this issue of RJL and summarize the major premises of the World Englishes (WE) Paradigm. The focus is on the relations between the WE school of thought and the paradigms that branched from it, i.e. English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and English as an International Language (EIL). The statuses of Englishes in the Kachruvian Expanding Circle that function mainly as lingua francas in international communication is one of the most controversial issues in sociolinguistics. We discuss the misconceptions regarding the Expanding Circle Englishes. Finally, we give a brief survey of the articles contributed to this issue, which develop theoretical and empirical material for the WE paradigm.

作者简介

Zoya Proshina

Lomonosov Moscow State University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: proshinazoya@yandex.ru

Professor in the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Area Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, and Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication Studies, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, bld. 13, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia

Cecil Nelson

Indiana State University

Email: cj3nelson@yahoo.com

Professor Emeritus of Linguistics in the Department of Languages, Literatures and Linguistics

Indiana State University, Terre Haute, United States

参考

  1. Alsagoff, Lubna, Sandra L. McKay, Guangwei Hu & Willy A. Renandya (eds.). 2012. Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language. New York & London: Routledge.
  2. Back, Otto. 1970. Was bedeutet und was bezeichnet der Ausdruck “Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft”? [What does Applied Linguistics mean and characterize?] Die Sprache. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 16 (1). 21-53.
  3. Bayyurt, Yasemin & Nicos C. Sifakis. 2015. ELF-aware in-service teacher education. In Hugo Bowles & Alessia Cogo (eds.), International Perspectives on English as a Lingua Franca: Pedagogical Insights, 117-135. London: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  4. Beare, Kenneth. 2020. How Many People Learn English? ThoughtCo, Feb. 11. URL: thoughtco.com/how-many-people-learn-english-globally-1210367 (accessed 16 June 2020).
  5. Beliayeva, Tatiana M. & Irina A. Potapova. 1961. Anglijskij yazyk za predelami Anglii [English Beyond England]. Leningrad: Uchpedgiz Publ.
  6. Berns, Margie. 2005. Expanding on the Expanding Circle: Where do WE go from here? World Englishes 24 (1). 85-93.
  7. Berns, Margie. 2009. English as lingua franca and English in Europe. World Englishes 28 (2). 192-199.
  8. Berns, Margie. 2019. Expanding on the Expanding Englishes of the Expanding Circle. World Englishes 38 (1-2). 8-17.
  9. Berns, Margie, Kees de Bot & Uwe Hasebrink (eds.). 2007. In the Presence of English: Media and European Youth. New York: Springer.
  10. Bianco, Joseph Lo, Jane Orton & Yihong Gao (eds.). 2009. China and English: Globalization and the Dilemmas of Identity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  11. Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  12. Bolton, Kingsley. 2020. World Englishes: Current debates and future directions. In Cecil L. Nelson, Zoya G. Proshina & Daniel R. Davis (eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes. 2nd edn., 743-760. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
  13. Bondarenko, Ludmila P. (eds.). 2007. Slog i ritm anglijskoj rechi v stranah Vostochnoj i Yugo-Vostochnoj Azii (Kitaj, Respublika Koreya, Yаponiya, V'etnam, Tailand) [Syllable and Rhythm of English Speech in the Countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (China, Republic of Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand)]. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Univ. Press.
  14. Borodina, Dar’ya S. 2018. Transnacional'nyj anglijskij yazyk v anglo-skandinavskom bilingvizme [Transnational English in English-Scandinavian Bilingualism]. Simferopol: ARIAL Publ.
  15. Breiteneder, Angelika. 2009. English as a Lingua Franca in Europe: A Natural Development. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
  16. Canagarajah, Suresh. 2007. Lingua Franca English, Multilingual Communities, and Language Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal 91. Focus Issue. 923-939.
  17. Cenoz, Jasone & Ulrike Jessner (eds.). 2000. English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  18. Cho, Jinhyun. 2017. English Language Ideologies in Korea: Interpreting the Past and Present. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  19. Cogo, Alessia & Martin Dewey. 2012. Analysing English as a Lingua Franca: A Corpus-driven Investigation. London & New York: Continuum.
  20. Davis, Daniel R. 2010. Standardized English: The history of the earlier circles. In Andy Kirkpatrick (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes, 17-36. London & New York: Routledge.
  21. Eddy, Anna. 2007. English in the Russian context: A macrosociolinguistic study. Michigan: Wayne State University. (PhD dissertation).
  22. Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  23. Filppula, Markku, Juhani Klemola & Devyani Sharma (eds.). 2017. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  24. Firth, Alan. 1990. ‘Lingua franca’ negotiations: Towards an interactional approach. World Englishes 9 (3). 269-280.
  25. Firth, Alan. 1996. The discursive accomplishment of normality. On ‘lingua franca’ English and conversation analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 26. 237-259.
  26. Fritz, Clemens W.A. 2007. From English in Australia to Australian English: 1788-1900. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
  27. Görlach, Manfred (eds.). 2001. A Dictionary of European Anglicisms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  28. Görlach, Manfred (eds.). 2002. English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  29. Graddol, David. 2013. Profiling English in China: The Pearl River Delta. Cambridge: Cambridge English Language Assessment.
  30. Gritsenko, Elena S. 2014. Anglijskij yazyk kak semioticheskij resurs v sovremennoj rossijskoj povsednevnosti [English as a semiotic resource in everyday Russian communication]. The Humanities and Social Studies in the Far East 42 (2). 27-31.
  31. Hadikin, Glenn. 2014. Korean English: A Corpus-driven Study of a New English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  32. Hickey, Raymond (ed.). 2013. Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  33. Hickey, Raymond. 2014. A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
  34. Houwer, Annick De & Antje Wilton (eds.). 2011. English in Europe Today: Sociocultural and Educational Perspectives. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  35. Ivankova, Tat’yana A. 2009. Anglijskij yazyk v Kitae: Regional'nye osobennosti [English in China: Regional Features]. Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Press.
  36. Jenkins, Jennifer. 2007. English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  37. Jenkins, Jennifer. 2017. English as a lingua franca in the Expanding Circle. In Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola & Devyani Sharma (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, 549-566. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  38. Jenkins, Jennifer, Will Baker & Martin Dewey (eds.). 2018. The Routledge Handbook of English as a Lingua Franca. London & New York: Routledge.
  39. Jenks, Christopher J. & Jerry Won Lee. 2017. Korean Englishes in Transnational Contexts. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  40. Kabakchi, Victor V. 1998. Osnovy angloyazychnoj mezhkulturnoj kommunikacii [Fundamentals of English Intercultural Communication]. St. Petersburg: Russian State Pedagogical University.
  41. Kabakchi, Victor V. 2002. The Dictionary of Russia: English-English dictionary of Russian cultural terminology. St. Petersburg: Soyuz.
  42. Kabakchi, Victor V. 2015. Realii russkoj kul’tury v Bol’shom Oksfordskom slovare [Russian culture-loaded words in the Oxford English Dictionary]. The Humanities and Social Studies in the Far East 44 (1). 16-22.
  43. Kachru, Braj B. 1961. An Analysis of Some Features of Indian English: A Study of Linguistic Method. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Edinburgh.
  44. Kachru, Braj B. 1983. Models for non-native Englishes. In Larry E. Smith (ed.), Readings in English as an International Language, 69-86. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  45. Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism. The English language in the outer circle. In Randolph Quirk & Henry G. Widdowson (eds.), English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, 11-30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprint: Bolton, Kingsley & Braj B. Kachru (eds.). 2006. World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics 3. 241-269. London; New York: Routledge.
  46. Kachru, Braj B. 1986. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-Native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Reprint: Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1990.
  47. Kachru, Braj B. (ed.). 1992 [1982]. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  48. Kachru, Braj B. 1998. English is an Asian language. Links and Letters 5. 89-108.
  49. Kachru, Braj B., Yamuna Kachru & Cecil L. Nelson (eds.). 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  50. Kachru, Braj B. & Larry E. Smith. 1985. Editorial. World Englishes 4 (2). 209-212.
  51. Kecskes, Istvan. 2019. English as a Lingua Franca: The Pragmatic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  52. Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.). 2010. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. London & New York: Routledge.
  53. Knapp, Karlfried & Gerd Antos. 2009. Introduction to the Handbook series. In Karfried Knapp & Barbara Seidlhofer (eds.), with Henry G. Widdowson. Handbook of Foreign Language Communication and Learning, v-vii. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  54. Lawrick, Elena. 2011. English in Russian academe: Uses and perceived significance. West Lafayette: Purdue University. (PhD dissertation).
  55. Lazaretnaya, Olesya. 2012. English as a lingua franca in Russia: A sociolinguistic profile of three generations of English users. University of Lisbon. (PhD dissertation).
  56. Levada-Center. 2014. Vladeniye inostrannymi yazykami [Proficiency in Foreign Languages]. May 28. URL: https://www.levada.ru/2014/05/28/vladenie-inostrannymi-yazykami/ (accessed 26 June 2020)
  57. Lopriore, Lucilla & Paola Vettorel. 2015. Promoting awareness of Englishes and ELF in the English language classroom. In Hugo Bowles & Alessia Cogo (eds.), International Perspectives on English as a Lingua Franca: Pedagogical Insights, 13-34. London: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  58. Mackenzie, Ian. 2014. English as a Lingua Franca: Theorizing and Teaching English. London & New York: Routledge.
  59. Marlina, Roby & Ram A. Giri (eds.). 2014. The Pedagogy of EIL: Perspectives from Scholars, Teachers, and Students. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  60. Matsuda, Aya (ed.). 2012. Principles and Practices of Teaching English as an International Language. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  61. Matsuda, Aya (ed.). 2017. Preparing Teachers to Teach English as an International Language. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  62. Mauranen, Anna & Elina Ranta (eds.). 2010. English as a Lingua Franca: Studies and Findings. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
  63. McKay, Sandra. 2002. Teaching English as an International Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  64. Meierkord, Christiane. 2004. Syntactic variation in interactions across international Englishes. English World-Wide 25 (1). 109-132.
  65. Meierkord, Christiane. 2012. Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  66. Nelson, Cecil L. 2011. Intelligibility in World Englishes: Theory and Application. New York & London: Routledge.
  67. Nelson, Cecil L., Zoya G. Proshina & Daniel R. Davis (eds.). 2020. The Handbook of World Englishes. 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
  68. Proshina, Zoya G. 2001. Anglijskij yazyk i kul’tura narodov Vostochnoj Azii. [The English Language and Culture of East Asian People]. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Univ. Press.
  69. Proshina, Zoya G. (ed.). 2005. Russian Englishes: Special issue. World Englishes 24 (4). 437-532.
  70. Proshina, Zoya G. 2006. Russian English: Status, attitudes, problems. The Journal of Asia TEFL 3 (2). 79-101.
  71. Proshina, Zoya G. 2014a. Language revolution behind the cultural curtain. World Englishes 33 (1). 1-8.
  72. Proshina, Zoya G. 2014b. Russian English: Myth or reality? Intercultural Communication Studies 23 (1). 14-27.
  73. Proshina, Zoya G. 2017. Kontaktnaya variantologiya angliyskogo yazyka: Problemy teorii. World Englishes Paradigm. Moscow: Flinta - Nauka Publ.
  74. Proshina, Zoya G. 2020. Mezhkul’turnaya kommunikaciya: Anglijskij yazyk i kul’tura narodov Vostochnoj Azii. [Intercultural Communication: The English Language and Culture of East Asian People]. 2nd edn. Moscow: Yurait Publ.
  75. Proshina, Zoya G. & Anna A. Eddy (eds.). 2016. Russian English: History, Functions, and Features. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  76. Proshina, Zoya G. & Alexandra A. Rivlina. 2020. Anglijskij yazyk v Rossii kak variant i kak yazykovoj resurs [English in Russia as a variety and a language resource]. In Maria B. Rarenko (ed.), Anglijskij yazyk na territorii Soedinyonnogo Korolevstva Velikobritanii i Severnoj Irlandii i za ego predelami [The English Language in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Beyond Its Territory], 73-89. Moscow: INION RAN.
  77. Proshina, Zoya G. & Alexandra A. Rivlina 2018. Mock Russian English: shutlivo-parodijnoye ispol’zovaniye russkogo varianta anglijskogo yazyka v stranakh Vnutrennego kruga [Mock Russian English: Playful and parodic use of the Russian variety of English in the Inner Circle countries]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Ser. 19: Lingvistika i mezhkul’turnaya kommunikaciya [Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 19. Linguistics and Intercultural Communication] 3. 18-30.
  78. Quirk, Randolph. 1982. International communication and the concept of nuclear English. In Christopher Brumfit (eds.), English for International Communication, 15-28. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  79. Rivlina, Alexandra A. 2013. O nekotorykh osobennostyakh i lingvisticheskikh problemakh processa formirovaniya massovogo russko-anglijskogo bilingvizma [Some features and linguistic problems in forming mass Russian-English bilingualism]. The Humanities and Social Studies in the Far East 37 (1). 61-66.
  80. Rivlina, Alexandra A. 2015a. Bilingual creativity in Russia: English-Russian language play. World Englishes 34 (3). 436-455.
  81. Rivlina, Alexandra A. 2015b. Vzaimodejstviye russkogo yazyka s anglijskim v nazvaniyakh rossijskikh Internet-saitov [Russian and English interaction in the names of Russian Internet sites]. The Humanities and Social Studies in the Far East 45 (1). 32-36.
  82. Savitsky, Vladimir M. & Anna E. Kurovskaya. 2004. Nacional’naya specifika anglijskoj rechi (grammaticheskij aspect) [National specifics of English speech (grammatical aspect)]. Moscow: Pearson Education, Moscow City Pedagogical University.
  83. Schennikova, Natalia V. 2017. Strukturno-semanticheskiye i Funkcional’nye Kharacteristiki Russkogo Idioma Anglijskogo Yazyka [Structural, Semantic, and Functional Characteristics of the Russian Implementation of the English Language]. Samara: Samara State University. (Doctoral dissertation).
  84. Schneider, Edgar W. 2017. Models of English in the world. In Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola & Devyani Sharma (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes, 35-57. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  85. Schreier, Daniel, Marianne Hundt & Edgar W. Schneider (eds.). 2020. The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  86. Seargeant, Philip. 2009. The Idea of English in Japan: Ideology and the Evolution of a Global Language. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  87. Seargeant, Philip (ed.). 2011. English in Japan in the Era of Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  88. Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2010. Lingua franca English: The European context. In Andy Kirkpatrick (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes, 355-371. London & New York: Routledge.
  89. Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2011. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  90. Sharifian, Farzad. 2009. English as an International Language: An overview. In Farzad Sharifian (ed.), English as an International Language. Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues, 1-18. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  91. Shishkina, Tatyana G. 1996. Russkij “accent” v pis’mennom perevode (morfologicheskij uroven’) [The Russian ‘Accent’ in Written Translation (Morphological Aspect)]. Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University. (PhD dissertation).
  92. Sifakis, Nicos S., Lucilla Lopriore, Martin Dewey & Yasemin Bayyurt. 2018. ELF-awareness in ELT: Bringing together theory and practice. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 7 (1). 155-209.
  93. Smith, Larry E. 1976. English as an international auxiliary language. RELC Journal 7 (2). Reprint: Larry E. Smith (ed.). 1983. Readings in English as an International Language, 1-5. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  94. Smith, Larry E. (ed.). 1987. Discourse Across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes. London: Prentice Hall.
  95. Smith, Larry E. 1992. Spread of English and issues of intelligibility. In Braj B. Kachru (ed.), The Other Tongue. English across Cultures. 2nd edn., 75-90. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
  96. Smith, Larry E. 2008. Familiar issues from a World Englishes perspective. In Zoya G. Proshina (ed.), Kulturno-yazykovye kontakty [Culture and Language Contacts], 67-73. Vladivostok: Far Eastern University Press. Reprint: Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series of Education Issues: Languages and Speciality. 2016. 1.14-18.
  97. Smith, Larry E. & John A. Bisazza, 1982. The comprehensibility of three varieties of English for college students in seven countries. Language Learning 32 (2). Reprint: Larry E. Smith (ed.). 1983. Readings in English as an International Language, 59-68. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  98. Smith, Larry E. & Michael L. Forman (eds.). 1997. World Englishes 2000. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  99. Smith, Larry E. & Khalilullah Rafiqzad. 1979. English for cross-cultural communication: The question of intelligibility. TESOL Quarterly 13 (3). Reprint: Larry E. Smith (ed.). 1983. Readings in English as an International Language, 49-58. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  100. Smith, Larry E. & Cecil L. Nelson. 2020. World Englishes and issues of intelligibility. In Cecil L. Nelson, Zoya G. Proshina & Daniel R. Davis (eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes. 2nd edn., 430-446. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
  101. Stanlaw, James. 2004. Japanese English: Language and Culture Contact. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
  102. Strevens, Peter. 1983. What is “Standard English”? In Larry E. Smith (ed.), Readings in English as an International Language, 87-93. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  103. Sung, Chit Cheung Matthew. 2018. Out-of-class communication and awareness of English as a Lingua Franca. ELT Journal 72 (1). 15-25.
  104. Thumboo, Edwin (ed.). 2001. The Three Circles of English: Language Specialists Talk about the English Language. Singapore: UniPress.
  105. Todd, Loretto & Ian Hancock. 1987. International English Usage. New York: New York University Press.
  106. Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah. 1994. International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English. 3rd edn. London: Edward Arnold.
  107. Ustinova, Irina P. 2005. English in Russia. World Englishes 24 (2). 239-251.
  108. Ustinova, Irina P. 2006. English and emerging advertising in Russia. World Englishes 25 (2). 267-278.
  109. Vettorel, Paolo. 2018. ELF and communication strategies: Are they taken into account in ELT materials? RELC Journal 49 (1). 58-73.
  110. Wang, Ying. 2015. Language awareness and ELF perceptions of Chinese university students. In Hugo Bowles & Alessia Cogo (eds.), International Perspectives on English as a Lingua Franca: Pedagogical Insights, 96-116. London: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  111. Wei, Rining & Jinzhi Su. 2012. The statistics of English in China: An analysis of the best available data from government sources. English Today 28 (3). 10-14.
  112. Xu, Zhichang. 2010. Chinese English: Features and Implications. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press.
  113. Zav’yalova, Viktoriya L. 2011. Anglijskij yazyk v Kitae: Osobennosti prosodicheskogo stroya. [English in China: Specifics of the Prosodic Structure]. Vladivostok: Marine State University Press.

版权所有 © Proshina Z., Nelson C., 2020

Creative Commons License
此作品已接受知识共享署名-非商业性使用 4.0国际许可协议的许可。

##common.cookie##