Философский аспект обучения обратным задачам математической физики

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Modern scientific methods and approaches to exploring the diverse and multifaceted. The researcher, on the basis of professional knowledge and experience, goals and objectives, applies to knowledge of processes and phenomena, their causal relationships, scientific methods of world science are widely use at the same time, interdisciplinary scientific knowledge. Philosopher exploring the world through philosophical categories, a physicist with the help of physical experiments, a chemist with chemical experiments. The same mathematician explores the world with the help of mathematical modeling, which are generally applicable equations of mathematical physics. Currently, mathematical modeling, emerges as a new generic component of the methodology of any science. Published textbooks and scientific publications (see for example, [2; 4; 9; 17; 21; 22; 27]), in which covered such issues as subject, approaches, methods of mathematical modeling. In many textbooks and tutorials in various disciplines, provides concepts, methods and applications of mathematical modeling. In many universities that provide education in applied mathematics, are taught an academic discipline, the content of which includes mathematical modeling.It is widely known that mathematical models are a powerful method of learning about the world, as well as prediction and control, and allow you to grasp the essence of the studied phenomena. Mathematical models are universal and can describe processes in objects of very different nature. Universalism enhances the cognitive power of mathematical models, opening up space for reasoning by analogy. The potential of mathematical modelling gained in the study of a range of tasks, can be applied to solving other problems. Well constructed mathematical model, as a rule, has an important property: its study provides new knowledge about the world. On the modern stage is characterized by the integration of the sciences, the desire to get a more accurate idea of the total picture of the world. While the achievements of the modern sciences of nature that has educational value, can not be confined solely to scientists. The essence and practical role of scientific achievements needs to be disclosed at a level accessible to students of higher educational institutions. These ideas are reflected in the concept of modern higher education. But to solve this problem in one of the subject impossible. Therefore, in the theory and practice of teaching applied mathematics to implement the ideas of integration of disciplines. Applied mathematical education is an important component of basic training students. The content of teaching applied mathematics has specific terminology, implemented interdisciplinary connections the study of university mathematics courses, mathematical models are used and the methods of their study. In the learning process students are offered learning objectives and tasks, the solution of which is fundamental, as subordinated to the principle of separation of the stages of rational discourse. In the course of such training is implemented by task approach, which provides the possibility of a mathematical and creative development of students and to build their competence in applied mathematics. The block of disciplines of applied mathematics include such subjects as numerical methods, optimization methods, operations research, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, and other academic disciplines. In addition, it should be noted, and various special courses in applied mathematics, among them special courses on mathematical modeling, mathematical cybernetics, fractal sets, inverse and ill-posed problems. The theory of inverse problems of mathematical physics as a scientific field of modern applied mathematics is widely used in applied research (see for example, [6; 8; 9; 17; 23; 24; 26]). The rapid development of the theory and practice of inverse problems of mathematical physics is largely due to the possibility of effective research hard-to-reach or inaccessible objects and processes of different nature, determining their location, form, structure, inclusions, etc., revealing their causal relationships with the use of modern information and telecommunication technologies. According to V.G. Romanov, made in the 70-ies of XX century the theory of inverse problems, is the information and assumes the information-mathematical processing of information on the decision of the applied problems studied. Inverse problems of mathematical physics with a philosophical point of view are the problems of determining the unknown causes of known consequences, and the search for their solutions have great scientific and educational potential. The reasons are specified in the form of unknown coefficients, right side, initial conditions of the mathematical model of inverse problems, and as a consequence are functionals of the solution of this mathematical model. Considering the wide application of the theory of inverse problems of mathematical physics for the study of applied problems in some Russian universities for students of the natural science areas of training are taught special courses on inverse problems of mathematical physics (see for example, [3; 10-19; 24; 26]) . Depending on the professional orientation of training of students formed the content of such special courses. During the training, students also study the inverse problem of determining coefficients or inhomogeneous parts, the boundary conditions of the mathematical model inverse problem other inverse problems. Such inverse problem can be considered for various equations of mathematical physics, among them hyperbolic, parabolic, elliptic, quasilinear, mixed, and other equations of mathematical physics. The desired function may depend on both one and many variables and may belong to different functional spaces. Depending on the considered mathematical models, such inverse problem can be univariate or multivariate, have mathematical characteristics and are usually incorrect. These circumstances largely determine the choice of the scientific method of solving the inverse problem. During the study of inverse problems of mathematical physics widely used mathematical and functional analysis, scientific methods of integral equations, methods of partial differential equations, optimization methods, numerical methods and other methods applied and computational mathematics. It is obvious that students have basic knowledge in the aforementioned subject areas will largely determine the effectiveness of teaching inverse problems of mathematical physics. In the process of training students not only learn mathematical methods and acquire skills for their application in the study of inverse problems for differential equations, but also provide fundamental knowledge on various subject areas of applied and computational mathematics. It is widely known that the most important problems of modern applied mathematics is the analysis of the mathematical models, the distribution of the ideas of optimality, the increasing role of General mathematical structures, the spread of the ideas of optimality, algorithmization, strengthening business nature, humanization and other problems (see, for example, [4; 7; 20; 21]). Therefore, the implementation of interdisciplinary relations in learning inverse problems of mathematical physics to integrate scientific, humanistic and philosophical knowledge, which will help students to form scientific world Outlook, to understand the scientific, educational and humanitarian potential of inverse problems, to understand the cognitive processes in applied mathematics, to identify the basic concepts of several fundamental scientific disciplines, including Informatics, which plays a big role in the methodology of inverse problems. To such basic concepts of computer science are: information, modeling, formalization, algorithmization, computational experiment, syntax, semantics, computer graphics, information technology, and other basic computer science concepts. In the process of learning the inverse problems of mathematical physics focuses on the philosophical aspects of the phenomenon of information, as well as identifying causal relationships. The study of the phenomenon of information devoted to the work of R.F. Abdeev, Aristotle, B.V. Biryukov, Y.A. Bolotov, N. Wiener, G.W.F. Hegel, V.M. Glushkov, V.B. Gukhman, I. Kant, A.N. Kolmogorov, V.V. Nalimov, G. Ryle, G.I. Ruzavin, A.E. Sedov, G. Haken, R. Hartley, D.S. Chernavsky, C. Shannon and other authors (see for example, [1; 5; 6; 25; 28; 29]). To understand students brought information that on the basis of the notion of information became widespread thanks to the works of C. Shannon in the theory of communication and N. Wiener in the framework of cybernetics in the mid-twentieth century, there were questions the solution of which remains not only relevant for the creation of new information technologies, but also fully defines the development of many modern branches of human knowledge, including the theory of inverse problems of mathematical physics. Students explained that in the 70-ies of XX century on the basis of cybernetic concepts appeared interpretation of information as a phenomenon associated with the nature and origin of life. In this case, information was understood as a fundamental property of nature, guaranteeing its ability to implement all the other properties defining the system as a living. The philosophical concept of information opens up to students a completely new methodological possibilities in the understanding of the world and helps us to reinterpret existing science and philosophy of the theory related to the disclosure of the interrelationship of all phenomena of reality. In the process of logical analysis applied and humanitarian character, students realize that information is always related to the fundamental philosophical questions: the problem of the relation of being and thinking, this is a problem with the language, the functioning of the living and even inanimate nature, with problems of communication in human society and cyber sphere, with questions of creation and functioning of the artificial intellect, the problem of virtual reality and other philosophical questions. Analysis of applied and humanitarian aspects of the obtained results the inverse problem allows students to make appropriate inferences about the studied process and to, ultimately, new information, to study its properties and understand its value. In the process of training students realize that the solution to the inverse problem of mathematical physics can provide new information, replacing direct measurement, while the solution of the direct problem, which is predetermined by a mathematical model and desired effects, do not give new information about the studied phenomenon, if studied external influence. However, the divergence of the solutions with experimental results can serve as a basis for the revision or refinement of the mathematical model of the inverse problem. Implementation interscience ties when teaching inverse problems of mathematical physics allows students to establish fundamental knowledge in the theory and methodology of inverse problems, acquire skills of using mathematical methods for the study of applied problems. Allows students to carry out applied and humanitarian analysis of the solutions of inverse problems of mathematical physics, to develop scientific Outlook and mathematical creativity, enrich their scientific knowledge in applied and computational mathematics, but in basic concepts of informatics such as information, modeling, formalization, algorithmization, computational experiment, syntax, semantics, and other basic computer science concepts, as well as in fundamental concepts of philosophy, as cause, effect, philosophical phenomenon of information to understand their values and the role in cognition of the surrounding world. Realizing the philosophical aspects identified, the solution of inverse problems of causality and of the phenomenon given new information, the students realize that any science in which the final word is experiment, faced with the solution of inverse problems, which is a unity of theory and experiment and having regard to all the three methods of human cognition: theory, experiment and philosophy.

Об авторах

Виктор Семенович Корнилов

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: vs_kornilov@mail.ru

доктор педагогических наук, кандидат физико-математических наук, профессор, заместитель заведующего кафедрой информатизации образования Московского городского педагогического университета

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