RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety

In this work, the processes of self-purification of natural water masses have been studied, and the possibility of laboratory modeling based on the obtained coefficient of the rate of self-purification of water K from pollutants has been investigated. The correlation between the phenol content and the physical factors of the selected sample was investigated. The calculation of the rate coefficient of self-purification of river water from a contaminant is carried out. The physico-chemical composition of surface waters directly depends on the hydrological regime of the river, which means that the model of self-purification processes can be applied under certain parameters of the studied rivers. On the model obtained during these works, various studies of the correlation of the physico-chemical composition of water from various hydrological parameters can be carried out. The basis of this study was the work of Soviet scientists in the field of mathematical modeling of physico-chemical processes in the natural environment of surface waters.

The results of ecological-chemical and toxicological analysis of 20 model springs on the territory of urban and rural settlements of the Bryansk region within the framework of water monitoring are presented. Indicators of hydrochemistry and phytotoxicity by the biotesting method are presented. The springs are classified according to temperature, flow rate, pH value, salinity and total hardness. Correlation relationships between the obtained hydrochemical indicators of spring waters are shown. The additions to the monitoring base for the state of spring waters in the summer low-water period of 2020 showed that the dominant pollutant of water in the tracts of the urban areas of the Bryansk region is nitrate ions; the total iron content exceeds the permissible norms. Among the model springs, 25 % have an excess of the content of nitrate ions relative to the norms of maximum permissible concentrations (45 mg / L), 20 % - a significant excess of the normalized indicator «total iron» (0,3 mg / L). Calculation of the phytotoxicity index showed that water samples from two springs are toxic (coefficient J > 20). Ecological and chemical analysis of springs and determination of the degree of hemerobity of the spring tract showed that nitrate ions and chloride ions are indicator indicators of anthropogenic impact on natural waters. Conjugate analysis of water hydrochemistry indicators revealed strong correlations between the parameters “total mineralization - total hardness”, “total mineralization - chloride ions”, “electrical conductivity - chloride ions”, “electrical conductivity - total hardness”, “electrical conductivity - total mineralization”. The springs are ranked according to the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the landscape. On the scale of hemerobicity, the spring tracts were classified according to seven degrees: metagemerobic (one spring), polyhemerobic (two springs), α-euhemerobic (two springs), β-euhemerobic (one spring), mesohemerobic (six springs), oligohemerobic (eight springs).

The analysis of the particle size of suspended solids in snow samples from various areas near the coal-mining enterprise “Razrez Arshanovsky” LLC in the Republic of Khakassia. Snow sampling sites of the snow cover were located in the area of the road along which coal is transported, and at a distance of 0,5 km from the village of Arshanovo in accordance with the wind rose. Particle size analysis was performed using a LaskaTD device. It was found that in the samples under study, the main proportion of suspended particles, regardless of the point of study, had sizes from 5 to 20 microns, which numerically amounted from 63.8 to 81,3 % of the total weight of suspended substances. The site located in the western direction at a distance of 0,5 km from the Arshanovo had such low values of suspended solids that it was not possible to determine them using the Laska-TD device. The average particle size, depending on the point of study, had the following values (μm): № 1 - 11,2 ± 0,4; № 2 - 11 ± 1,6; № 3 - 9,3 ± 0,2; № 4 - 7,3 ± 0,9; № 5 - 13,5 ± 0,3; № 6 - 11,5 ± 0,2; № 8 - 11,6 ± 0,3. The obtained results of the study allow to conclude that there is a large amount of fine dust in the snow cover, which can accumulate in the environment and negatively affect its biological component, including humans.

The enterprises of the oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation are one of the largest sources of negative environmental impacts; therefore, a comprehensive assessment of their ecological activities is necessary. The purpose of the study is to investigate the ecological activities of the subsoil user enterprises of the main oil and gas producing region of the country - Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, including activities related to the low-carbon transition. The article analyzes the open information on the environmental activities of eight oil and gas producing enterprises of KhMAO-Yugra for the period 2015-2019. A list of evaluation indicators is proposed that allows comparing oil and gas producing enterprises with each other and evaluating the main directions of their ecological activities, including those in the field of decarbonization of production. The key areas of ecological activities of the district’s enterprises are the reduction of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, including through the utilization of associated petroleum gases, optimization of water use, as well as the fight against pipeline breaks. In the development strategies of most oil and gas producing enterprises of the district, a trend towards decarbonization has been identified.

One of the aspects of studies of micropopulations of ( Eremias arguta deserti Gmelin, 1789) and ( Phrynocephalus guttatus guttatus Gmelin, 1789) in the conditions of the southeastern part of the Lower Volga region was the observation of inter-seasonal fluctuations in body weight of individuals. Males of Eremias arguta deserti are consistently heavier in the spring than females. In the autumn periods, the results turned out to be contradictory and do not make it possible to conclude which individuals of which sex have the greatest mass. Statistical processing of materials using the Kruskal - Walli’s criterion (H) did not reveal significant differences in Eremias arguta deserti when comparing the mass of all females and males both for all periods and separately in spring and autumn periods. Phrynocephalus g. guttatus also showed no statistical significance when comparing all males and females for the entire period. However, the results obtained when comparing between females and males during the 2018 season, as well as when comparing females of different years, were statistically significant. In addition, the body weight of fingerlings of both groups, between the autumn seasons of 2017 and 2018, revealed statistical significance. Individuals of both Phrynocephalus g. guttatus and Eremias arguta deserti steadily gain body weight, despite the slowdown or complete stop of the growth of individuals in the former and autotomy in the latter. Regeneration of the tail or its absence obviously affects the growth of the trunk of Eremias arguta deserti.

The processes of urbanization lead to a negative impact on the natural environment and disruption of the balance of ecosystems. The paper considers the main trends in changing the structure of land use of the Vladimir city district in the period 2001-2020. The analysis of the functional zoning of the territory is carried out. The largest share in the structure of land use is occupied by forests in the southwest and southeast of the study area. The territory occupied by them is anthropogenically slightly modified. An increase in the area of forests on the territory of the urban district has been established; a decrease in the areas occupied by meadows and deposits. The analysis of the spatial distribution of green spaces showed that the area of green areas did not correspond to the recommended values. There is a sharp decline in the area of arable land, stagnation of industry, the growth of urbanized areas. There is a restructuring of the road network, which is due to an increase in the number of vehicles, and as a result, an increase in the anthropogenic load on natural areas.