Vol 24, No 2 (2023)

An algorithm for designing a low-energy lunar flight trajectory is presented. It is based on the assumption that low-energy flight trajectories pass through the vicinity of one of the collinear libration points of the Earth - Moon system (L1 or L2). It is also assumed that at the moment of spacecraft flight in the vicinity of the libration point, the elements of the osculating geocentric orbit of the spacecraft are close to the elements of the osculating geocentric orbit of the libration point itself. The results of a numerical analysis of the obtained low-energy lunar flight trajectory are presented. It is shown that the use of such a trajectory makes it possible to reduce the deceleration impulse of the velocity during the transition to a low lunar orbit to a value of 638 m/s (in the traditional flight scheme, this impulse turns out to be more than 800 m/s). The influence of solar gravitational disturbances on the flight trajectory is analyzed. It is demonstrated that these perturbations ensure the approach of the spacecraft to the Moon with a negative selenocentric energy constant and contribute to the temporary capture of the spacecraft by the Moon. The influence of the terrestrial gravitational perturbation on the circumlunar part of the trajectory is studied. It is displayed that on the trajectory found this perturbation effectively reduces the selenocentric velocity of the spacecraft. The conditions for spacecraft flight in the vicinity of the libration point are considered.

The current guidelines recommend evaluating the quality of start-up and shut-down modes, as well as operation modes under load, according to the compliance of start-up parameters with start-up assignment schedules, standard instructions, a regime map, reliability criteria and their limit values. The quality of maintaining operating modes is proposed to be assessed by the assigned deviations of parameters from the values specified in standard instructions or start-up schedules. The authors analyze the suggested approach and the accepted values of the parameter permissible deviations, according to which the start-up operations quality is assessed in terms of the thermal stressed state of the thermal scheme critical elements. The analysis was performed on the basis of the thermal stressed state calculations of the most loaded steam turbine high-pressure rotor and the high-pressure heat recovery steam generator superheater outlet header with deviations of the live steam temperature from the start-up schedule. It is proposed to evaluate the quality of start-up modes based on the calculation of the cyclic strength the power plant “critical” elements, and not by exceeding the control parameters values without taking into account the specific time of this excess occurrence in relation to the schedule, the temperature state of the element under consideration, steam flow, etc. All parameters deviations considered as an example do not affect the cyclic strength of the equipment in question. The most accurate assessment of the regime quality can be carried out as a result of monitoring the turbine and the boiler unit operation modes, which will make it possible to control compliance with the reliability criteria, preventing them from being exceeded.

Installed capacity of wind farms is growing rapidly in the electric power systems. The Russian Federation has adopted a set of legislative measures to increase wind farms (WF) installed capacity. The research focuses on assessing the impact of wind farms in electric power system (EPS). In particular, the wind farms distribution impact over electric power system nodes is considered in comparison with single high-capacity wind farm (Eysk). Based on the calculations of the daily unevenness factor, installed capacity utilization rate and grid heterogeneity, following conclusions are obtained: the high-capacity wind farm has a higher daily power fluctuation amplitude, up to a nominal capacity of 3.4 GW; installed capacity utilization rate of wind farms system will always be lower when compared to a high-capacity wind farm located in the same location with the best wind energy potential; wind farms distribution across EPS nodes increase their rigidity (the ability to maintain the node voltage as the load changes) and, as a result, their reliability. The graphical illustration of the sensitivity of a 64 node 110-500 kV power grid demonstrates the increase in the number of rigid nodes.

Nowadays, the most energy efficient are electric and hybrid vehicles. Despite the very high cost and insufficient design perfection, they are replacing traditional cars with internal combustion engines. In hybrid vehicles, it is relatively easy to implement energy storage systems using reversible electric machines and electric batteries. The results of a study on electrical energy generation in a vehicle are presented. The methods of mathematical and simulation modelling were used. The efficiency of operation of a vehicle with an electrical energy recovery unit is shown. The data of the generated electric current in the form of the received voltage when the vehicle is moving on various types of road surfaces are given. As a result of simulation modelling, it was found that one recuperator can generate an average of about 3 V, 12 V can be obtained from all four installed recuperators, which is enough to charge the storage units of the hybrid power plant.

Remote hydrocarbon studies were conducted in the western part of the Orenburg region in order to identify lithological and stratigraphic traps. The main research method was CRS technology (complex remote sensing) to find hydrocarbon deposits. On the surface of the study area, were identified both spectral anomalies associated with the known anticlinal, structural, reef and lithological deposits of known deposits, and ribbon-like deposits, which were recognised as Upper Devonian paleorusses, represented by terrigenous deposits. When comparing the spectral hydrocarbon anomalies detected in different ranges, it was possible to discover them over known deposits. The promise of a number of structures previously identified during seismic work was confirmed, which indicates the presence of hydrocarbons in them. In addition, in the north of the study area in the basins of the modern Mokhovaya and Adamovka rivers, ribbon-like anomalies were observed. It is possible that these lithologically shielded deposits may represent a new type of deposits in the area.