Vol 23, No 2 (2022)

The article introduces theoretical studies of space flight of the dumbbell. A description of the general qualitative picture of the possibility of implementing the non-reactive principle of motion of an extended body in a central gravitational field is presented. In strict accordance with the laws of classical mechanics, a non-reactive principle of displacement of the mass center of an extended body in a central gravitational field is shown, based on the internal redistribution of the total kinetic moment of the body between the kinetic moments of the mass center of the body and relative to the mass center of the body. The dynamics of the Beletsky - Hirwitz gravity plane has been studied. The issues of practical implementation of the non-reactive principle of motion are considered, including from the point of view of quantum physics. It is shown that the principle of motion based on the use of the spin of low-energy elementary particles is more efficient than a photon rocket. In particular, the use of the graviton spin for the motion of bodies is a billion times more efficient than the use of the graviton for jet motion and makes it possible to achieve body acceleration of more than 6,600 m/s² without overload. The results obtained can be used in experiments to search for elementary particles with low energy, to explain cosmic phenomena and to develop transport objects based on new physical principles.

The article is devoted to a rigorous proof of the first millennium problem, which is named as P≠NP. This problem was raised in 1971 by S. Cook and marked the beginning of a long struggle in order to understand and prove it. The problem is closely related to the concept of a combinatorial explosion, which concept was aroused in the early 1970s and became a symbol of the enormous difficulties that developers of algorithms and programs have to face, since the complexity of the tasks that have to be solved is growing every day. The presented proof is based on the achievements of graph theory and algorithm theory. Necessary conditions (normalizing), to which arbitrary algorithm must satisfy in order to be solved with a help of a Turing machine, are proved in the article. Further, using the theory of algorithms and graph theory, it is proved that normalized (necessary condition) graphs (visualization of algorithms) with respect to such a characteristic of their complexity as a cyclomatic number fall into three non-intersecting sets that have different properties. These properties are determined by the structural features of graphs, and they can be taken into account when developing algorithms and programs for solving mass problems. The division of algorithms of mass problems into three non-intersecting sets is proved. Such division corresponds with graph-schemes, or block-schemes of polynomial (P) or enumeration (NP) algorithms. This proves a sufficient condition, to which algorithms must satisfy in order to belong to different classes and actually confirm that P≠NP.

The problem of space exploration is a priority in the development of any large state, because it solves the problems of future technological progress. Obviously, such development is not possible without a stable energy source directly in outer space. Materials of this work are devoted to a conceptual study of the possibility of building a stationary nuclear power plant (NPP) on the Moon. A review of open sources of information on the availability of already existing or under development nuclear power plants capable of operating in the “Lunar environment,” as well as meeting the requirements of safe operation and future utilization, selected specific models of heavy and superheavy-class carrier rockets (existing and conceptual) with the ability to transport payloads of 10 tons or more to the Moon. Based on the analysis of data on reactor plants and information on operating and construction conditions on the Moon, a conceptual solution of “reusable” enclosing structure of stationary NPP on the Moon, which serves as protection from falling space bodies, radiation and solar radiation, is formed. The main principal concepts of the stages of construction, operation and utilization of a stationary NPP on the Moon are presented. The problems of creation, development and utilization of stationary sources of nuclear energy in the absence of atmosphere (space), existing at the moment and requiring investigation during the nearest decade, are shown.

It has been established that the average values of the error in measuring the flow rate of the test liquid (TL) by electromagnetic injectors (EMI) are associated with the vehicle mileage. The greater the mileage, the higher the value of the error. It is shown that the dependence of the error in measuring the flow rate on the run can be described in a rough approximation by regression. The technical condition of the EMI was assessed by an instrument for cleaning and analyzing fuel injectors HP-6V, complete with an Ultrasonic Cleaner ultrasonic bath. The objects of study are the EMI of gasoline engines with distributed fuel injection. The injectors were used in the power units of GAZ-27040 V (“Gazelle”), ZAZ Chance SX, VAZ 2121 (“Niva”), Chevrolet Lacetti and others, mileage from 0 to 188 thousand km. Siemens DEKA ZMZ 6354, Siemens DEKA VAZ 6238, Siemens DEKA VAZ 20734, Siemens DEKA VAZ 20735, Bosch 0 280 158 502, Bosch 0 280 158 017, Bosch 0 280 158 022, Bosch 0 280 150 9925, Denso 23925 injectors tested.

In order to maximize the use of the Tsentral’noye placer deposit in the Tambov region, a study was made of technological samples from overburden rocks and concentration tailings of titanium and zirconium ores, in which dispersed useful phosphorite and glauconite minerals are present as an impurity. Samples weighing 300 kg were subjected to wet and dry screening, self-grinding, gravitational separation, and magnetic separation. The isolated phosphate and glauconite fractions and their concentrates were studied using polarizing and electron microscopy, X-ray, chemical, and quantitative spectral analyse. As a result, detailed data on the material and structural features of minerals, their relationships and enrichment characteristics were obtained. This, in turn, made it possible to outline possible directions for the additional use of the ores of the Tsentral’noye deposit in the form of phosphorite and glauconite concentrates obtained from them. For their agrochemical evaluation, vegetative experiments were carried out, which showed the high efficiency of the accumulated concentrates, which in agriculture in the form of mineral fertilizers of the ameliorant leads to an increase in the plant mass of grain crops by 25-26 %. Since the reserves of phosphates and glauconites are estimated at 17 and 6 million tons respectively, if the deposit is developed, additional reserves appear that can significantly reduce the cost of building a mining enterprise.