Смешанный подход к обучению иностранным языкам: внедрение TED talks

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Introduction The notion of blended leaning has existed in the field of language teaching for over a decade now [1]. Although a few interpretations of this term have been proposed, in this study we draw on C. Whittaker, who summarized it as “In ELT blended learning is the term most commonly used to refer to any combination of face-to-face teaching with computer technology (online and offline activities/materials)” [2]. There is an emerging body of blended language learning research with quite controversial results [3]. However, a few scholars agree that of all micro-skills listening has been significantly overlooked, with greater attention being paid to productive skills, i.e. speaking and writing, as well as reading, traditionally considered the key academic skill [4-6]. Although a few studies have argued the importance of listening comprehension in SLA pedagogy [7-9] it still remains a much neglected skill and has even been referred to as the “Cinderella” of communication strategies [6]. Even though the existing curriculum at Russian universities recognizes the value of listening comprehension, much deliberation is still needed to enhance curriculum design and foster language learners’ listening abilities. At RUDN University all students are encouraged to take Cambridge FCE or CAE examinations, depending on their level of language proficiency. Listening comprehension is an important part of examination and all students are taught listening strategies as a part of exam preparation in their general English classes. However, when it comes to ESP listening, the curriculum is limited to in-class activities. Taking into consideration limitations imposed by classroom time (on average 1 hour a week allocated to listening instruction with academic year lasting 34-36 weeks), and major focus on general English exam preparation, there is a significant need in off-site autonomous learning. The importance of extensive listening for proficiency development is not to be challenged; however, it is essential for the overall success that the teachers provide guidance and support for the extensive listening experiences, so that the students would benefit most from incorporation of authentic quasi-professional materials in their daily foreign language practices. This paper argues that it is essential to extend the existing on-site, process-oriented listening instruction by autonomous, learner-focused and self-regulated activities. We draw on the definition of self-regulated learning by P.R. Pintrich [10], stated as “an active constructive process whereby learners set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate and control their cognition, motivation and behaviour, guided and constrained by their goals and the contextual features in the environment”. The students who took part in the current study were responsible for the extent and degree of their personal involvement in overall development of listening skills. Methodology The case study presented in this paper was conducted at RUDN University (Russia) ecological faculty. 12 participants (5 male and 7 female) with an average age of 20 were selected from the same study group. They had been learning English for 8-10 years, depending on selected programme of secondary school education. Listening comprehension was practiced for the same time period; however, listening experience of specific ecological contexts was limited to 2 years of tertiary education. For the purpose of comparison all students were allocated into 3 categories with respect to their overall English proficiency, the placement was performed with respect to the entrance streaming test. The results are presented in Table 1. Categories of language proficiency Table 1 Intermediate High-intermediate Advanced Number of students 4 6 2 The off-site part of the blended learning curriculum was comprised with weekly assignments based on TED talks. We would like to argue the relevance of introducing TED talks into ESP curriculum. First of all, ted.com website currently offers 2900+ talks on various subjects designed by top-notch professionals for general public. Among those over 200 talks are dedicated to environmental issues and can be used as specific language as well as content materials by novice environmentalists, such as our students. Secondly, all talks are featured with embedded interactive transcripts provided in various languages, English and Russian among those. Viewers can use the transcripts to enhance their understanding of the subject presented. Thirdly, the talks can be easily accessed, shared and downloaded, which makes them easy to be utilized as pedagogical contexts. Finally, these talks can be viewed any time and any place due to the development of Web 2.0 technologies, which facilitates individual, self-regulated character of autonomous learning. An essential part of course design was selecting the talks that would be relevant to the core curriculum of the students, only the topics already covered in L1 were offered in the course. At the beginning of the pedagogical experiment the participants were offered a listening comprehension pretest based on the TED talks. The pretest included general comprehension questions as well as specific questions that targeted professional vocabulary. The pretest was on based a 50-mark system, the results are presented in Table 2. The results of listening pretest Intermediate High-intermediate Advanced Out of 50, average 25 34 39 After the pretest the participants were receiving weekly listening comprehension assignments based on environmental TED talks that included pre-listening, whilelistening and post-listening tasks. The students were asked to work on the assignments individually, off-site. The on-site activities were reserved for content discussions in class, facilitated by the language teacher. All off-site assignments were checked in class, the problematic chunks were addressed and discussed. Apart from that, the students were instructed on listening strategies that would help them improve comprehension. In 14 weeks the students were asked to take a listening comprehension posttest, also based on the 50-mark system. A comparison of the participants’ results for pretest and posttest was considered an indicator of the participants’ improvement in listening comprehension. Apart from that the participants were asked to fill in the evaluation form, sharing their strategies of completing weekly assignments as well as their overall impression of their personal performance. Results Upon completion of the pedagogical experiment the students were asked to take a listening comprehension posttest, based on the 50-mark system. The results are presented in Table 3. The results of listening posttest Table 3 Intermediate High-intermediate Advanced Out of 50, average 30 43 45 Improved by 10% 18% 12% Table 3 represents the improvement in the participants’ listening comprehension performance. Intermediate students have enhanced their results by 5 marks (10%), highintermediate - by 8 marks (18%) and advanced ones by 6 marks (12%). The results illustrate more significant progress in the middle group, high-intermediate students, the advanced group placed second progress-wise, the intermediate group has demonstrated the least improvement of all. Although it is impossible to isolate the effect of the given experiment in overall improvement of language proficiency during the semester, it is still clear that higher achieving students paid more efforts and were more engaged in their listening practices, which resulted in better performance. As for the qualitative assessment of the results of the experiment, the participants were requested to answer the anonymous open-clause questionnaire and share their reflections on the blended learning course as well and their individual approach to weekly assignments. According to the results of the survey, all groups of students were aware of the general goal of the assignments and were familiar with specific listening tasks prior to their blended learning experience. However, the personal approach to specific listening tasks as well as goal setting differed among the respective groups. Intermediate students regarded listening as one of the most problematic skills, they acknowledged “lack of content knowledge”, “lack of prior experience with lectures in L2”, “high degree of anxiety when tackling the tasks”. High-intermediate and advanced students considered listening tasks “challenging but engaging”, among the shortcomings of the course they mentioned “arguable content”, “unusual perspective”, “new ways of presenting information, takes time to get used to”. As can be seen from the results of the questionnaire, the group that lacks language proficiency is more concerned about linguistic challenges, whereas more advanced groups are concentrated on content structure of the course. The groups also demonstrated very different approach to overall strategy of their listening practices, the results are presented in Table 4. Weekly listening practices Table 4 Repeated listening, times on average Time of listening (minutes per week) Intermediate 2,3 45 High-intermediate 5,4 156 Advanced 4,2 83 As shown in Table 4, intermediate students spent only 45 minutes a week on improving their listening performance, advanced students invested 1.8 times more efforts, whereas the highest placing category progress-wise spent 3.5 times more in implementation of their listening development strategies. Apart from that, the number of repetitions differed for each category: intermediate students only listened to each lecture twice, whereas high-intermediate students repeated it 5.3 times, advanced students, however, limited themselves to about 4 repetitions. Such considerable difference of weekly implementation strategies comprises with the initial placement as well as reflected challenges for each group. Much poorer investment by an intermediate group can be put down to their initial high anxiety rate and limited expectations. Conclusions In this study we implemented a blended learning approach for developing specific listening skills in independent setting. TED talks were used to extend ESP curriculum and to overcome the gap between traditional academic skills, i.e. reading, writing and speaking, balancing out the listening component of the course. Familiar classroom-based, process-oriented approach to L2 listening instruction was replaced by autonomous, learner-oriented, self-regulated activities. The learners were given an opportunity to decide on the pace and implementation of their listening practices. The important result of this study is the overview of differential strategies of self-regulatory learning skills in L2 listening. It can be noted that lower-achieving students require more extensive instruction as well as considerable amount of positive reinforcement to overcome anxiety issues. This research is limited in its scope, of interest would be future research on cognitive and metacognitive aspects of listening development for different categories of students.

Об авторах

Мария Андреевна Руднева

Российский университет дружбы народов

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: rudneva_ma@rudn.university

кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков экологического факультета Российского университета дружбы народов

Российская Федерация, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6

Наиля Гарифовна Валеева

Российский университет дружбы народов

Email: valeeva_ng@rudn.university

кандидат педагогических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков экологического факультета Российского университета дружбы народов

Российская Федерация, 117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6

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