Vol 15, No 2 (2023)

The purpose of the article is to finalize the impact of the relationship between the USA and Canada on the Canadian foreign policy in 1957-1984. The author focuses the reader’s attention on analysis of trends in the relations between USA and Canada, as well as the identification of the patterns of their further development. Based on the use of an appropriate historical sources and scientific literature, the article gives an idea of the characteristic features of the relationship between the USA and Canada during the premierships of John Diefenbaker, Lester Pearson, Pierre Trudeau. When writing an article, the author uses a comparative historical method, as well as an interdisciplinary approach. The first allows us to compare the development of the relations between USA and Canada in 1957-1984. The latter shows the influence of the relationship between USA and Canada on the activities of political parties in Canada. The scientific contribution of the author of the article is that for the first time in Russian historiography, he considers not just the general directions of Canada’s foreign policy, but analyzes the key of them - the relationship between USA and Canada, its evolution and dynamics. The author comes to the conclusion that the periodization of the relationship between USA and Canada reflected the complexity of their development, and the anti-americanism of Diefenbaker and Trudeau had no deep foundation. Firstly, it was the result of Diefenbaker’s personal grievances against Kennedy. Secondly, Trudeau demonstrated that Canada’s foreign policy has an independent character. However, this did not mean his departure from the relationship between USA and Canada as a major.

Central Asia emerged as an internationally important region after the five republics gained their independence from the USSR in 1991. The new regional identities that gained independence in Central Asia soon had the potential to motivate the regional integration process in this region. Until recently, the region’s independent identity was often blurred by Eurasia, as it was not unanimously recognized as a separate geopolitical region. At present, nearly three decades after independence, these countries yet could not break the spell of traditional interstate interaction. Central Asia is the only region in the world that lags behind other regions in terms of indigenous regional integration. The purpose of this article is primarily to emphasize that Central Asia is an influential regional entity with an independent identity. Second, it focuses on the factors behind the regional integration process or situation and the absence of an indigenous regional institution. It is argued that regional distinctive features and influence of interregional actors have frozen the regional integration process in Central Asia.

The relevance of this article is studying of the problem of “Man at war” includes examining a fate of prisoners of war. Detention conditions of Frenchmen in England during the Napoleonic wars remain a subject of discussions in the foreign historiography. Besides this, it has also never been studied earlier in the national historiography. In the article they are considered by means of regression analysis of captivity duration and mortality. Their dependence from such factors as age, height, rank, type of vessel, year of capturing etc. is considered. This method reveals if there was any discrimination in releasing and if food supply and other conditions were satisfying for survival in detention. The results are compared with the data of the Danish and Norwegian prisoners who were kept in the same prison. The aim is to examine detention conditions of the French captives on English prison hulks. The result of the study is reveal of the duration of captivity depending from the period of seizing: the first arrivals spent the longest time in a prison that indicates the halting of captives’ exchange as early as 1803. It also depended from way of leaving the prison: if the prisoner was exchanged, dyed or escaped. Persons aged less than 12 and over 50 were released earlier. Children, the elderly, officers could be released only on parole. Military seamen were kept longer than the rest. At the same time, death in captivity appears to be occasional. It indicates that food of the French prisoners in England was sufficient for survival. But other conditions led to a high mortality: 8-14 % of the French captives died in custody.

The question of property rights of Orthodox Estonians as well as the problem of coexistence of the two parallel Church jurisdictions on the Estonian territory remains unresolved to the present day, despite the regular meetings conducted and agreements reached. The relations between the Moscow and Constantinople Patriarchates on the Estonian issue have reached an impasse. The article presents and analyzes the chronology of the dissent in the Estonian Orthodox Church (EOC) from the perspective of the actions of the Moscow and Constantinople Patriarchates. This allows us to take a glance at the history of the dissent from a special angle in light of the relations between the two Patriarchates in order to identify the features of the strategy of the two Patriarchates, to note the main turning points in this relationship, to estimate the role of the Constantinople Patriarchate in the events related to the split of the EOC as a wholeas well as to propose ways out of the conflict, which is being exacerbated at this time. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the problem of the dissent in the Estonian Orthodox Church is considered only against the background of the analysis of the actions of the Moscow and Constantinople Patriarchates. The connection is established between the events of 20-70s of the 20th century which preceded the dissent in the 1990s as well as the direct intervention of Constantinople Patriarchate in the EOC activity in the 1990s. For a research on the designated topic for the first time are used materials (as historical sources) from the archives of the Chancellery of the Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the dissent in the EOC was provoked by the Constantinople Patriarchate, whose campaign to seize some parts of the Estonian Orthodox Church was carried out with the tacit approval of the Estonian government circles. In this regard, the author sees a way out of the created crisis only in close cooperation between the Church and the state, namely at the level of the governments of Estonia and Russia.

The main purpose of the article is to systemize and represent the references and descriptions of Hamed bin Mohammed al-Murjabi available in written sources. Hamed bin Mohammed, who is better known as Tippu Tip, was a Zanzibar merchant and one of the most influential figures in East and Central Africa in the second half of the 19th century. Corpus of sources are represented by memories and travelogues of the European explorers, colonial officials and missionaries, who personally knew Tippu Tip. The article examines the main features of his image and its evolution from “the most remarkable man among Arabs, Swahili, and Half-Castes” to “a renowned slave trader”, who embodies all evil of the Arab slave trade. The particular attention is paid to the conflict between Tippu Tip and Henry M. Stanley during the infamous Emin Pasha Relief Expedition; it is also considered evidences of Tippu Tip’s participation in raids on the local population of Central Africa in order to capture slaves and ivory.

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RUDN Journal of World History. 2021;13 (2):211-229. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi. org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-2-211-229 Misprints and errors do not affect the conclusions of the article. Corrections have been made to the online version of the article. The author and the editors of the journal apologize to the readers for the presence of typos and errors in the text of the article. The author of the article apologizes for the initial incorrect information.