Большевистское проектирование «нового человека» в раннесоветский период: теоретические основы, политико-идеологические приоритеты, эволюция подходов

Обложка

Цитировать

Полный текст

Аннотация

Статья посвящена анализу теоретических предпосылок и политико-идеологических приоритетов большевистского проектирования «нового человека» в раннесоветский период. Показаны марксистские истоки идей большевистского проектирования, их трансформация в трудах В.И. Ленина и других лидеров коммунистической партии и советского государства. Обозначены основные механизмы и инструменты конструирования нового человека, практики социальной мобилизации, приобщения к политической культуре большевизма. Подчеркивается роль наследия Первой мировой войны в институализации большевиками практик социального инжиниринга, принуждения и насилия как методов создания «нового человеческого материала». Показаны разногласия в среде большевистского руководства в трактовке путей формирования «нового человека», охарактеризован гендерный аспект проблемы. Выделены два этапа в большевистском проектировании «нового человека» в раннесоветский период (1917-1920-е гг.; конец 1920-х - середина 1930-х гг.), показаны факторы и направленность его эволюции.

Об авторах

Ольга Сергеевна Поршнева

Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина

Email: o.s.porshneva@urfu.ru
доктор исторических наук (Уральский государственный университет имени А.М. Горького, 2000 г.), профессор, заведующая кафедрой истории и социальных технологий Уральского гуманитарного института Уральского федерального университета (УрФУ) имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина 620002, Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19

Список литературы

  1. Arnautov, N.B., Krasil’nikov S.A., and I.S. Kuznetsov. Sotsial’naya mobilizatsiya v stalinskom obshchestve (konets 1920-h-1930-e gg.): Kollektivnaya monografiya [Social mobilization in Stalin’s society (late 1920s - 1930s): Collective monograph]. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk University Publ., 2013 (in Russian).
  2. Brandenberger, D. Krizis stalinskogo agitpropa: Propaganda, politprosveshchenie i terror v SSSR, 1927-1941 [Propaganda State in Crisis. Soviet Ideology, Indoctrination, and Terror under Stalin, 1927-1941]. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2017 (in Russian).
  3. Brazevich, S.S. “Istoricheskaya sotsiologiya revolyutsionnogo nasiliya: kontsentratsionnyye lagerya kak organizovannaya forma nasiliya vo vremya grazhdanskoy voyny.” [Historical Sociology of Revolutionary Violence: Concentration Camps as an Organized Form of Violence during the Civil War] In Revolyutsiya 1917 goda v Rossii: sobytiya i kontseptsii, posledstviya i pamyat’. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 100-letiyu Revolyutsii 1917 g. v Rossii, 285. St. Petersburg: SPb. Institut istorii RAN Publ., 2017 (in Russian).
  4. Bukharin, N. “Problema kul’tury v epokhu rabochey revolyutsii.” [The Problem of Culture in the Age of the Workers’ Revolution] Pravda, October 11, 1922 (in Russian).
  5. Bukharin, N. Proletarskaya revolyutsiya i kul’tura [Proletarian revolution and culture]. Petrograd: Priboy Publ., 1923 (in Russian).
  6. Carrere d’Encausse, H. Lenin. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ.; Charitable Foundation of the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, 2008 (in Russian).
  7. Clements, B.E. Bolshevik Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  8. Engels, F. “Printsipy kommunizma.” [The Principles of Communism] In Sochineniya. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1955 (in Russian).
  9. Fritzsche, P., and Hellbeck, J. “The New Man in Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany.” In M. Geyer, Sh. Fitzpatric. Beyond Totalitarianism/ Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  10. Fitzpatrick, S. Povsednevnyy stalinizm: obychnaya zhizn’ v neordinarnyye vremena: Sovetskaya Rossiya v 30-ye gody [Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s]. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2001 (in Russian).
  11. Gorbachev, O.V. “Sovetskiy proekt v zapadnoy istoriografii.” [Soviet Project in Western Historiography] In The Epoch of Socialist Reconstruction: Ideas, Myths and social transformation programs, 28. Yekaterinburg: Ural Universityty Publishing house, 2017 (in Russian).
  12. Guseynov, A.A., Iskrov, M.V., and Petropavlovskiy, R.V. Partiynaya ehtika. Diskussii 1920-h gg [Party ethics. Discussions of the 1920s]. Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1989 (in Russian).
  13. Gastev, A.K. Poeziya rabochego udara [Poetry of the Worker’s Blow]. Moscow: VTsSPS Publ., 1923 (in Russian).
  14. Gorky, A.M. “O starom i novom cheloveke.” [On the Old and the New Man] Pravda, April 27, 1932 (in Russian).
  15. Holquist, P. “ ‘Information is the Alpha and Omega of Our Work’: Bolshevik Surveillance in Its Pan-European Context.” In American Russian Studies: Milestones of Historiography of the Recent Years. The Soviet Period: Anthology, 69-72. Samara: Samara University Press Publ., 2001 (in Russian).
  16. Hoffmann, David L. “The Great Socialist Experiment? The Soviet State in its International Context.” Slavic Review, no. 3 (2017): 619-628.
  17. Krasilnikov, S. “Mezhdu pravom i nakazaniyem: trud v rannesovetskom obshchestve.” [Between Rights and Punishment: Labor in the Early Years of Soviet Society] Quaestio Rossica, no. 4 (2017): 1027-1046 (in Russian).
  18. Lenin, V.I. “Proekt programmy Rossiyskoy sotsial-demokraticheskoy rabochey partii.” [Draft Program of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 203-210. Vol. 6. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1963 (in Russian).
  19. Lenin, V.I. “Zaklyuchitel’noe slovo po dokladu o partiynoy programme 19 marta .” [Speech Closing the Debate on the Party Program, March 19] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 174-184. Vol. 38. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1968 (in Russian).
  20. Lenin, V.I. , et al. “Programma Rossiyskoy kommunisticheskoy partii (bol’shevikov).” [The Program of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 417-446. Vol. 38. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1968 (in Russian).
  21. Lenin, V.I. “O ‘levom’ rebiachestve i o melkoburzhuaznosti.” [“Left-Wing” Childishness and the Petty-Bourgeois Mentality] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 283-314. Vol. 36. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1969 (in Russian).
  22. Lenin, V.I. “Velikii pochin.” [A Great Beginning] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 1-29. Vol. 39. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1970 (in Russian).
  23. Lenin, V.I. “Pis’mo Inesse Armand, 24 yanvarya 1915 g”. [Letter to Inessa Armand, January 24, 1915] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 54-57. Vol. 49. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1970 (in Russian).
  24. Lenin, V.I. “Zaklyuchitel’naya rech’ posle obsuzhdeniya Doklada o mire, 26 oktyabrya.” [Concluding Speech Following the Discussion on the Report of Peace, October 26] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 19-22. Vol. 35. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1974 (in Russian).
  25. Lenin, V.I. “Detskaia bolezn’ ‘levizny’ v kommunizme.” [“Left-Wing” Communism, an Infantile Disorder] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 1-104. Vol. 41. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1981 (in Russian).
  26. Lenin, V.I. “O proletarskoy kul’ture.” [On Proletarian Culture] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 336-337. Vol. 41. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1981 (in Russian).
  27. Lenin, V.I. “Zadachi soiuzov molodezhi.” [The Tasks of the Youth Leagues] In Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 298-318. Vol. 41. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1981 (in Russian).
  28. Marx, K., and Engels, F. “Manifest Kommunisticheskoy partii.” [Manifesto of the Communist Party] In K. Marx, F. Engels. Sochineniya. Vol. 4. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1955 (in Russian).
  29. Meyerovich, M. “Sotsialisticheskiy gorod: formirovaniye gorodskogo soobshchestva i sovetskaya zhilishchnaya politika v 30-ye gody.” [The Socialist City: Urban Community Formation and the Soviet Housing Policy in the 1930s] In The Soviet Social Policy of the 1920s and 1930s: Ideology and Everyday Life, 84-117. Moscow: Variant LLC Publ., the Center for Social Policy and Gender Studies, 2007 (in Russian)
  30. Pushkarev, A., and Pushkareva, N. “Rannyaya sovetskaya ideologiya 1918-1928 gg. i ‘seksual’nyy vopros’ (o popytkakh uregulirovaniya sotsial’noy politiki v oblasti seksual’nosti).” [Early Soviet Ideology of 1918-1928 and the “Sexual Question”(on Attempts to Regulate Social Policy in the Field of Sexuality)] In Sovetskaya sotsial’naya politika 1920-1930-h godov: ideologiya i povsednevnost’, 199-227. Moscow: Variant Ltd. Publ.; TSSPGI Publ., 2007 (in Russian).
  31. Pushkareva, N.L. “Gendernaya sistema Sovetskoy Rossii i povsednevnaya zhizn’rossiyskikh zhenshchin.” [Gender System of Soviet Russia and the Everyday Life of Russian Women] In Povsednevnaya zhizn’ pri sotsializme. Nemetskiye i rossiyskiye podkhody, 204-225. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2015 (in Russian).
  32. Rolf, M. Sovetskie massovye prazdniki [Soviet mass holidays]. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2009 (in Russian).
  33. Shishkin, V.I., ed. Pis’ma vo vlast’ v epokhu revolyutsii i grazhdanskoy voyny (mart 1917 - may 1921). Sbornik dokumentov [Letters to power in the era of the Revolution and the Civil War (March 1917 - May 1921). Collection of documents]. Novosibirsk: Avtograf Publ., 2015 (in Russian).
  34. Soltz, A.A., “O partiinoi etike. Doklad na sobranii iacheiki TsKK i NK RKI (1924).” [On Party Ethics. Report at the Meeting of the Chapter of the Central Control Commission and the People’s Commissariat of Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection] In Partiynaya etika. Diskussii 1920-h gg, 260-269. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1989 (in Russian).
  35. Stalin, J.V. “Zadachi khozyaystvuyushchikh sub”yektov: rech’ na pervoy Vsesoyuznoy konferentsii rukovodyashchikh rabotnikov sotsialisticheskoy promyshlennosti.” [The Tasks of Economic Executives: Speech Delivered at the First All-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry] In J.V. Stalin, Sochineniya, 29-42. Vol. 13. Moscow: Gospolitizdat Publ., 1951 (in Russian).
  36. Stalin, J.V. “Vystupleniye na zasedanii TSK VKP (b) Yuzhnykh regionov po sboru urozhaya, 20 maya 1933 g.” [Speech Delivered at the Meeting of the Central Committee of the AUCP(b) of the Southern Regions on Harvesting, May 20, 1933]. http://sovdoc. rusarchives.ru (in Russian).
  37. Trotsky, L.D. Literatura i revolutsiya [Literature and Revolution]. Moscow: Politizdat Publ., 1991 (in Russian).
  38. Tyazhelnikova, V.S. “ ‘Vy zhertvoiu pali v bor’be rokovoi…’ Genezis i evoliutsiia revoliutsionnoi zhertvennosti kommunistov.” [‘You Fell Victim to a Fateful Struggle…’ Genesis and Evolution of Revolutionary Communist Self-Sacrifice] In Socialnaya historiya. Ezhegodnik. 1998/99, 411-433. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 1999 (in Russian).
  39. Tyazhelnikova, V.S. “Voennyi sindrom v povedenii kommunistov 1920-kh gg.” [The Military Syndrome’ in Communist Behavior of the 1920s] In Voenno-istoricheskaya antropologiya. Ezhegodnik, 2002. Predmet, zadachi, perspektivy razvitiya, 291-305. Moscow: ROSSPEN Publ., 2002 (in Russian).
  40. Velikanova, O.V. Popular perceptions of Soviet politics in the 1920s: disenchantment of the dreamers. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  41. Wood, Elizabeth A. Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2005.

© Поршнева О.С., 2019

Creative Commons License
Эта статья доступна по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Данный сайт использует cookie-файлы

Продолжая использовать наш сайт, вы даете согласие на обработку файлов cookie, которые обеспечивают правильную работу сайта.

О куки-файлах