«Вот что я вам скажу...»: стратегии манипулирования аудиторией в предвыборной речи Трампа, Клинтон и Сандерса

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Во время предвыборной кампании 2016 г. кандидат на пост президента Дональд Трамп удивил своей способностью поддерживать популярность несмотря на неподобающие и часто оскорбительные высказывания. Вероятно, Трамп увеличил свои шансы на победу, обращаясь к тому значительному сегменту электората, которые не встали на сторону других кандидатов. В одной телевизионной программе было сказано: «Люди пытались дискредитировать Трампа, но ничего не вышло - он все равно нравился избирателям». Как утверждают исследователи (Miller 2002; 2004), благодаря системно-функциональному лингвистическому анализу (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) можно выявить конкретные стратегии, которыми пользуются политики для подкрепления своих аргументов и побуждения аудитории поддержать их. В данной статье мы опираемся на модель взаимодействия (Engagement framework) (White, 2003; Martin & White, 2005), основанную на системно-функциональном анализе для определения приемов, с помощью которых кандидаты на пост президента 2016 г. привлекали симпатии избирателей. Проведенный нами анализ речи Дональда Трампа, Хиллари Клинтон и Берни Сандерса показал совершенно разные способы взаимодействия с аудиторией в плане использования экспансивной и контрактивной диалогических стратегий, определения целевой аудитории и общих взглядов. В выступлениях Трампа прослеживается тенденция вести диалог в узком диалогическом пространстве, в котором аудитория по определению с ним согласна, в то время как его соперники часто сочетают контрактивную и экспансивную аргументативные стратегии и ведут более открытый диалог с аудиторией, чьи идеи они разделяют. В статье исследуется, как каждый из кандидатов определяет свою аудиторию и обращается к сторонникам или противникам своих политических взглядов и призывает их оказать им поддержку.

Об авторах

Джастин Куам

Университет Джорджтаун

Email: jq89@georgetown.edu
20057, Вашингтон, США, 37th and O Streets

Марианна Рышина-Панькова

Университет Джорджтаун

Email: ryshinam@georgetown.edu
20057, Вашингтон, США, 37th and O Streets

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© Куам Д., Рышина-Панькова М., 2016

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