Палеоэкология поймы Москвы-реки в голоцене: почвенные, пыльцевые и археологические данные

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Пойменные отложения в долине Москвы-реки содержат серию погребенных почв голоценового возраста, которые являются важным источником палеоэкологической информации. Согласно радиоуглеродным датировкам, почва 1 имеет возраст 100-400 лет, почва 2 - кал. 1200 AD-500 BC, почва 3 - 900-2700 BC, почва 4 - 3500-5000 BC. К погребенным почвам приурочены археологические памятники: неолитические (почва 4), бронзового века (почва 3), РЖВ и Средних веков (почва 2). Погребенные почвы часто имеют хорошо развитый профиль и диагностические признаки. Почвы субатлантического возраста (почва 2) обычно относятся к серым лесным и подзолистым. Темноцветные почвы атлантического возраста (почва 4) в большинстве случаев относятся к черноземам; спорово-пыльцевой анализ показал, что они формировались под лесостепными сообществами. В отличие от них, погребенные почвы суббореального периода (почва 3) встречаются не везде и не имеют хорошо выраженных диагностических признаков; пыльцевые данные показали, что они могли формироваться под смешанными лесами с доминированием ели. Резкое изменение ландшафтов поймы, смена лесостепных сообществ еловыми лесами, произошло, согласно радиоуглеродному датированию, в период 5000-4500 лет назад, в результате раннесуббореального похолодания. Почвенные и пыльцевые данные свидетельствуют о некоторых антропогенных изменениях растительности поймы в эпохи неолита, бронзового и железного веков. Однако максимальная антропогенная трансформация ландшафтов отмечается с начала Средневековья.

Об авторах

Александр Леонтьевич Александровский

Институт географии РАН

Email: alexandrovskiy@mail.ru

Екатерина Георгиевна Ершова

Московский государственный университет им. Ломоносова

Email: eershova@rambler.ru

Николай Александрович Кренке

Институт археологии РАН

Email: nkrenke@mail.ru

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© Александровский А.Л., Ершова Е.Г., Кренке Н.А., 2014

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