Vol 12, No 1 (2020)

The system of concentration camps of Nazism, despite the abundance of special literature on this topic, is a phenomenon that only today historical science begins to reveal to itself. The inner world of the prisoners in the camps, the mental, psychological and physical conditions in which the prisoners found themselves, was and remains a particularly difficult area for researchers. This is due to the fact that one of the most difficult problems faced by the researcher of the phenomenology of the Concentration world is directly the problem of understanding this phenomenon. Is it possible to understand this phenomenology, and if so, to what extent? The article attempts to answer this question based on the consideration of the various conditions of the prisoner in the camp.

This article aims to address the question of the emergence of empires in West Africa from the ninth century to the present day. The author plans to make an in-depth analysis of the political formation of the different empires which have succeeded each other in this vast West African space which nowadays shelters the current republics of Mali and Mauritania in particular and in general throughout other West African countries (Guinea, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Niger). The largest and most famous empires that appeared on the territory of what is now Mali is called the Ghana Empire in the 9th century and was succeeded by the Mali or Mandé Empire in the 13th century. The influence of these empires throughout Africa and the rest of the world shows us a particular interest in understanding over time the notion of the State in Africa before the colonization and destruction of the African political system and its replacement by colonial state with the arrival of Europeans. Today the question of the weakness of the modern or postcolonial state in Africa and Mali poses many questions not only in the concert of nations but also in the academic and university environment. We will try to demonstrate in this article the link between the break in the evolution of the African state and the imposition of the modern European state through the colonial state which is at the root of the backwardness of African countries in terms political, economic and social compared to the rest of the world.

The Sino-African cooperation forum largely determines the trajectory of cooperation between Chinese and African countries. Being established in 2000, it facilitated the institutionalisation of the interactions between China and its African partners. Throughout twenty years of FOCAC functioning, the parties have successfully held a number of forums, which have significantly expanded the scope of cooperation. At present, a big number of scientific works are devoted to research the increase of the Chinese presence in Africa, on the other hand there is quite a few works done on FOCAC activities research, which predetermined the choice of this topic. In addition, analysis of the FOCAC performance results that have been reached by the 20th anniversary are of a certain interest. In this article, the author will identify the reasons for the parties’ interest in institutionalizing the interaction between China and Africa, will reveal promising areas of cooperation, as well as will analyze the impact of the Beijing FOCAC Action Plan for 2019-2021 to expand cooperation between China and the countries of the African continent.

The article analyzes the problem of using cultural heritage sites as tourist resources on the case of the architectural and park complex of the Alhambra and Generalife in Granada, the second most visited monument in Spain. The author refers to problems and issues related to the difficulties of conservation, restoration and interpretation of the complex and management of tourist flows. The administration of a complex cultural heritage site such as the Alhambra and the Generalife requires a mandatory multidisciplinary approach, involving specialists from different areas.

The Second Declaration of Havana ratified on February 4, 1962 is the most important document of the socialistic stage of the Cuban Revolution. The historical analysis of this document is essential to appreciate all the peculiarity of the socialism formation in Cuba and to understand the origin of the principles of the revolutionary internationalism during the Cuban Revolution. However, investigations, which are dedicated to specifically this issue, does not present in the Russian historiography. The aim of this work is to clarify the role of the Second Declaration of Havana in the process of the socialistic ideology formation in Cuba under specific historical conditions of the first half of the 20th century and also to estimate the impact of the foreign policy of USA and VIII Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS), which took place in January 1962, onto the radicalization of the Cuban Revolution.