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Introduction[7] At present, the movement in the direction of increasing of the interest for design of large-span structures begins to show. Interesting facts from the history of building and design of thin-walled spatial structures and perspectives of their application in future are presented in a review paper [1] where the authors insist that “there are signs, however, that shells are attracting interest among the new generation of architects and engineers”. The modern architects’ views at the place of shell structures in modern architecture of arbitrary forms and in building are set forth in papers [2; 3]. Consider the investigations on geometry, analysis, and application of umbrella-type shells and show up their advantages in comparison with umbrella shells. The definitions of umbrella surfaces and umbrella-type surfaces are given in a monograph [4] or in an encyclopedia [5]. Adduce them almost word for word. “A cyclic symmetrical spatial structure formed from several identical elements is called an umbrella dome (Figure 1). Curves obtained as a result of the intersection of their middle surfaces are the generatrix curves of any dome-shaped surface of revolution. A dome-shaped surface of revolution, on which the contour curves of the elements of a dome are placed, is called a contour surface. The contour curves of the element are the curves bounding the contour of the middle surface of the element of the dome.” a b c Figure 1. The formation of an umbrella dome with the opening at the top [6; 7] In scientific and technical literature, the shells put together from identical fragments of the hypar are also called umbrella domes. F. Candela [4; 8] designed and built the first umbrella shell in the form of four intersecting hypars that formed a covering of a restaurant in Xochomilco, Mexico, in 1957. “The cyclic symmetrical surfaces consisting from several identical elements are called surfaces of umbrella type. But unlike an umbrella surface, the whole surface of umbrella type and all surfaces of the identical elements forming the whole surface are determined by one and the same explicit, implicit or parametrical equations. In popular scientific literature, the umbrella-type shells are often called also waving or wave-shaped domes.” Much useful information is presented in a manuscript [9] where 240 individual solutions of different domes are given and various classifications are presented. Some types of domes presented in this manuscript can be reckoned among umbrella shells, for example, wave-and-folded domes with folds of arched form and segment domes. The results of investigation A review of researches on geometry of umbrella-type surfaces Firstly, umbrella-type surfaces were introduced into practice in papers [10; 11] where fourteen surfaces were proposed, their analytical formulas were given, and Gaussian quantities of the first and second orders in the theory of surfaces were obtained. Later, a part of these surfaces was investigated with the help of the MathCAD computer program in a work [12] where changes of the surface form were examined depending on constant parameters containing in analytical equations of surfaces of umbrella type. Two surfaces from fourteen surfaces presented in works [10; 11] were offered by other authors. These are the Skidan’s ruled surface [13] and the crossed trough [14. P. 286]. V.N. Ivanov [15] offered a method of forming of the umbrella-type surface in the shape of Joachimsthal canal surface with a director circular sinusoid. This surface is formed by the rotation of the circle of variable radius with the common chord [16] (Figure 2). The generatrix circles of canal surfaces are lines of principal curvature. Cutting out from the common surface the fragment with radii r1 and R, one can obtain an umbrella-type shell with the opening at the vertex. R = 40 м r1=8 м Figure 2. A surface of umbrella type on the base of the canal surface of Joachimsthal [15] Following after V.N. Ivanov’s method [16], his postgraduate student Nasr Younis A. Abboushi [17] made several models of Joachimsthal canal surfaces defining three methods of their formation: 1) a surface is formed by the rotation of the circle of variable radius R(u) so that a distance from the axis of rotation till the point of contact with the generatrix circle c = (r2 - R2)1/2 remains constant; 2) a surface is formed by the rotation of the circle of variable radius R(u) around the common chord; 3) a surface is formed by the rotation of the circle of variable radius R(u) around the common tangent, i.e. с = 0, r = R. Here, r(u) is a distance from the axis of rotation till the center of the generatrix circle. The methods 2 (r < R) and 3 (r = R) give the opportunity to obtain umbrella-type surfaces. A computer program in the AutoCAD system for tracing of umbrella-type surfaces with parabolic generatrixes and with a circular opening at the vertex is presented in a paper [18]. It gives the possibility to consider a process of forming umbrella-type surfaces in dynamic conditions by means of making mini-film. Analogous program for another surface of umbrella type is given in a paper [19] (Figure 3). Figure 3. A forming surface with radial sinusoidal waves damping in the central point and formed by the cubic parabolas Umbrella-type surfaces with elliptic contour surfaces and with the circular sinusoidal equator were taken as a base of research of waving domes in a paper [20]. A vector equation of the waving ellipsoidal surface may taken in the form r(u,v) = a{[1 + μcos(pu)]cosv∙h(u) + γsinvk}, h(u) = icosu + jsinu, γ = b/a, (1) where a, b are the semi-axes of the ellipsoid of revolution; u, v are the parameters at the interval [0, π]; i, j, k are the unit vectors; μ is a ratio of the amplitude of the sinusoid to the radius a of the circle; p is a number of waves of the sinusoid. The waving ellipsoidal surfaces were modeled under different parameters γ, μ, р. Umbrella shells and umbrella-type shells in architecture and technics in the 20th and 21st centuries It should be noted, that umbrella shells are presented in architecture of the 20th century very widely [4; 21]. Real erections in the form of umbrella-type surfaces were not found. But outward examination of some shells showed that their middle surfaces can be quite given by analytical formulae, i.e. these shells can be number among umbrella-type shells. For example, a covering of a restaurant attached to a hotel “La Concha Hotel”, San Juan, Puerto Rico [22], arch. Jose R. Marchand, 2009 [Available from: http://www.architecturaldigest.com/ homes/hotels/2009], can be approximated by a paraboloid of revolution with four radial waves [5. P. 388] or by a surface with astroidal level lines that is generated by biquadratic parabolas [5. P. 392]. A wave-shaped surface of the Marché Royan, France, consisting of 13 reinforced sinusoidal parabolic fragments is well simulated by a paraboloid of revolution with radial waves [5. P. 388], that has a parametrical form of definition: x = x(u,v) = cucosv, y = y(u,v) = cusinv, z = z(u,v) = [asin(nv) + b]u2, (2) where v is the angle read from the axis Ox in the direction to the axis Oy; a = const is an amplitude of a wave; n is a number of the vertexes of the waves; b is a constant parameter of the datum paraboloid of revolution, с = const. W When a = 0, a paraboloid of revolution with radial waves degenerates into a paraboloid of revolution. The real shell has a 100 mm thickness and a 50 m span. It supports at 13 points along the outward perimeter (Figure 4). A market was built in 1956 and now it is architectural and historical possessions of the town. Figure 4. Marché Royan, France, and its possible computer model The three-tiered many-waved umbrella church in the suburb of St. Louis (USA) designed by G. Obata with participation of P.L. Nervi apparently was arranged from fragments of cylindrical parabolic shells [22; 23]. Middle surfaces of these three tiers can be easily approximated by a paraboloid of revolution with radial waves (Figure 5), i.e. by a surface of umbrella type (2) a = b. Figure 5. Approximated two lower tiers in the suburb of St. Louis, USA, 1966 Umbrella glass-fibre plastic dome of radar installation consist of fragments of the same type united between themselves by bolted joints (Figure 6, а) [24]. The joints are sealed by glass fabric on elastic special mastic. Airports Domodedovo, Vnukovo, Sheremetyevo, and other airports of Russia exploit the shells of this type. The form of these domes is rather like surface of a sphere with external cycloidal crimps (Figure 6, b) which may be given by parametrical equations: where u is the angle read from the plane xOy in the direction of the axis Oz; In the cross section of the surface in question by the planes z = const, i.e., when u = u0 = const, we have the epicycloids: with n = const, n is a number of the vertexes of the epicycloid on the circular plane; n = R/r, 2r is the maximum amplitude of the crimps at the base of the surface; R is a radius of the equator of the sphere; φ is the angle read from the axis Ох in the direction of the axis Оу. In case of need, domes of radar installation can be designed in the form of corrugated paraboloid of revolution with external crimps (Figure 6, c) with a circular waving curve at the foot with the vertexes directed out of the center of the circular base: where n is a number of the vertexes of the sinusoid on a circular plan; a is an amplitude of the crimps at the foot of the surface; R is a radius of the base circle of the corrugated paraboloid in the foot relative to which, the circular sinusoid is constructed. Parametrical of the definition of the corrugated paraboloid of revolution with the external crimps: where h is the height of a corrugated paraboloid of revolution, а b c Figure 6. An umbrella dome (a) and computer models of the umbrella-type shells (b, c): a - the composite shell of radar installation (OAO “Avangard”); b - a sphere with external cycloidal crimps (n = 12); c - a corrugated paraboloid of revolution with external crimps a b Figure 7. A form of a parabolic reflector of umbrella type Figure 8. The tent umbrella structure and its proposed computer models One can find several works devoted to design of parabolic reflectors of antennas of space apparatus of umbrella type. In a paper [25], a review of results of modeling of parabolic reflectors the structure of which consist of parabolic spokes and a form of the reflecting surface is created by metal mesh cloth. The initial form of the spokes coincides with contour curves on a theoretical paraboloid. Having assumed an edge of a reflector in the form of a hypocycloid one may create a surface of umbrella type with the parabolic generatrixes and the round opening at the vertex [5. P. 389] (Figure 7). In any cross section of the surface by a plane passing through the central axis, the parabola would be placed. Suitableness of the proposed surface for the reflectors with taking into account distortion of the reflecting surface one can corroborate only by experimental measurements. Designers offer enormous choice of tent umbrella structures for sheltering from the sun and rain. For these purposes, it is possible to use existing surfaces of umbrella type. For example, architectural street umbrellas “Edelveis” designed by specialists of the firm “TeniRadi” are unique durable umbrella structures for using at the grounds with large wind loads (Figure 8, а). They have built-in drainage system. In Figure 8, b, two possible forms for approximation of a surface of an umbrella shown in Figure 8, a are presented. The upper surface is a surface of umbrella type on the cycloidal plan formed by semi-cubic parabolas, the lower surface is a waving surface formed by semi-cubic parabolas with the waving foot line [10; 11]. The works on strength analysis of umbrella-type shells At the middle of the 20th century, some principles of forming surfaces of umbrella and umbrella-type domes and methods of their strength analysis were absent and that is why architectural and technical conceptions were bound [26]. But attempts of building of umbrella domes were undertaken by different architects and builders. Simplified methods of strength analysis were offered. For example, every fragment of the covering of the market in Royan (Figure 4) was considered as a beam on two hinges: at the foot and at the vertex of the dome. Taking into account that the covering works already 60 years, an analysis circuit was chosen successfully and can be recommended for preliminary calculation of umbrella-type shells at present time. As it was noted before, middle surfaces of umbrella-type shells are defined by one analytical equation and it gives the opportunity to use the standard computer programs and to derive author’s programs for static and dynamic analysis of considered shells on diverse types of loading. For example, a thin shell shown in Figure 2 was examined on action of dead load with the help of finite difference energy method [15]. This method was used also for strength analysis of two types of umbrella-type shells with middle surfaces in the form of Joachimsthal canal surfaces. They were subjected to action of their own weight [27]. Figure 9. A corrugated sphere A finite element analysis of stress-strain state of a reinforced concrete shell of umbrella type with an elliptic contour surface (1) was realized in a work [20]. The analysis was fulfilled on action of the own weight when γ = 1 and the shell has the hinged supports. A program complex LIRA SAPR 2013 was applied. It was established on the example of a shell with the sphere contour surface (Figure 9) that a waving shell has more rigidity but in the comparison with the smooth shell, torque internal moments appear. Considerable reduction of strength characteristics when a spherical contour middle surface of the shell is substituted for the elliptic surface is not observed. We can increase rigidity of the shell if we shall increase the vertical semi-axis of the ellipse. Conclusion Builders began to erect umbrella stone domes several hundred years ago but thin-walled umbrella shells appeared only in the middle of the 20th century. At that time, geometrical science could not give a strict definition of umbrella surface. A shell divided into identical segments and analysis fulfilled for one fragment but the results applied to all shell. At the beginning of 21st century, analytical umbrella-type surfaces were singled out of a class of umbrella surfaces into the separate class. More than two tens of new surfaces were introduced into practice. Scientific papers devoted to the determination of stress-strain state of umbrella-type shells and suggestions on their application began to appear. At present, only numerical methods of analysis are applied. Real umbrella-type shells were not used else. But the author agrees with V.A. Lebedev [26] that “revival of highly artistic umbrella form in modern dome building is possible only in the shape of thin-walled structures. <…> These forms undoubtedly must find the wide application in building”.

Об авторах

Сергей Николаевич Кривошапко

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: krivoshapko-sn@rudn.ru
SPIN-код: 2021-6966

профессор департамента строительства Инженерной академии, доктор технических наук

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