The recently formed “Gas Union” of Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is at a turning point, symbolizing a major shift in the energy dynamics of Central Asia. The goal of this tripartite alliance, initiated by Russian President Vladimir Putin, is to transport Russian gas to Uzbekistan through Kazakhstan. This event marks a historic moment, as it is the first time that Russian gas has been imported into Central Asia. Against the backdrop of acute energy problems in the region, this union is aimed at meeting the immediate needs of the member states from Central Asia, but it also leaves many long-term geopolitical and economic issues for the parties involved. This article aims to comprehensively analyze the Central Asia - Center gas pipeline within the framework of the emerging Russia - Central Asia Gas Union. It seeks to identify and discuss the geopolitical, economic, and environmental challenges and opportunities this renewed energy cooperation presents. The scope of this study encompasses an examination of the historical context of the pipeline, the strategic objectives of the involved nations, and the potential implications for the regional and global energy landscape. The research methodology includes a thorough review of existing literature, policy documents, and energy reports. The theoretical foundation of the study is based on neoliberal theory. The authors conclude that the creation of a new energy alliance is a sign of the beginning of a new stage in the transformation of energy cooperation between Russia and the Central Asian countries.