INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

The article considers the concept as well as the main characteristics of the cluster approach to the development of tourism at the regional level. The advantage of cluster development theory is the revealing of fundamentally new structural element in the totality of the elements of the competition, where the clusters are new and additional way of organizing the economy, its dynamic development and the principle of state policy in the regions. Understanding the current level of clusters' development in the region provides an important vision of the intrinsic properties of the productive potential of the economy of clusters and existing restrictions for their future development. Authors determined the necessity of inclusion in the cluster mechanism of tourism development of innovative component. The features of the formation of the tourist innovation cluster in the Penza region were revealed.

The Russian enterprises of mechanical engineering differ from the similar enterprises of the USA, Germany, Japan and other advanced countries in low investment appeal, a low level of business and low level of competitiveness. Article has actual character because the mechanical engineering is urged to provide with production equipment key sectors of economy and first of all the processing industries and by that determines a condition of potential production of Russia. The author considers the main problems and prospects of development of mechanical engineering in Russia. Represents the main ways of growth of competitiveness of mechanical engineering. Draws conclusions that for development of this industry it is necessary to rely on foreign experience. Carrying out radical reforming of an industry of mechanical engineering will allow Russia to enter the world market with high-technology products and to take on it advantageous position. It will form base for stabilization of economy and progress of industry of Russia in general.

The article considers the theory and history of the issue, namely, the establishment and activities of the European free trade Association, which was founded in 1960-ies as an alternative to the European Common market integration. Highlighted her features, composition, governance and administration, the main stages of formation and related historical events. Also provides an overview of economic relations of the organization with other States and, in particular, with the Russian Federation. The analysis of the current relations with Russia and, as a consequence, with the Customs Union, and the prospects of further cooperation.

The article examines the state of the factors in the development of the economy of Persian Gulf countries – Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE and Saudi Arabia. The author identified the internal factors (land and labour as well as capital), and external – foreign trade and export/import of investment. Each of them made a certain contribution to the socio-economic dynamics of the countries of the region. The external factor – foreign trade based on domestic factor "land" remains fundamental, as shown by global and regional economic trends in 2014-2015 In this regard, the author comes to the conclusion that the countries are facing serious challenges to further diversify the national economy and developing new sources of funding socio-economic processes in the region.

In article the theory and the historical background, features of change in the tax legislation is considered and the analysis of receipt of a tax on mining (MET) is carried out to the tax income of the consolidated budget and the federal budget of the Russian Federation from 2002 for 2016. The detailed analysis MET loudspeakers in the comparable prices taking into account a consumer price index is carried out. Also the forecast of the oil and gas income of the federal budget for 2016 and 2017 has been made and dynamics of receipt of MET is given to the federal budget and budgets of territorial subjects of the federation for 2002-2015.

In article the macroeconomic scenario of development in 20 years of Greece, Spain and China is analyzed to determine a role which is played by a monetary policy in their economy. The author considers dynamics of various macroeconomic indicators, including in the sphere of public finances, a private sector and economic growth of these three economies in the ratio with reserve currencies of the IMF (dollar, pound and yen). From this the author concludes whether artificial devaluation and what its role stimulates economy in today's economy.

The article analyzes the dynamics of socio-economic development of the Gulf countries in 2003-2013 Shows that the positive trend is largely contributed not only to the high hydrocarbon prices on the world market, but diversification of the national economy, its modernization and the expansion of both the geography and the nomenclature of foreign trade. The creation of free economic zones, private sector development, the growth of domestic consumer demand due to increasing incomes and purchasing power of the population, as well as the success of regional economic integration provided a high effect of the regional economy. The article suggests a number of practical considerations and appropriate measures for the formation of a more rational economic structure.