Vol 23, No 4 (2022)

Over the last years many companies and national agencies in different countries have been involved in development of various technical aspects of on-orbit-servicing (OOS). US and Russian OOS experiences are described. The problem of OOS in general is considered as a bit wider. It is shown that OOS relates to development of the next-generation space infrastructure and the solution of the problem of OOS, to a great extent, predetermines the characteristics of the next-generation space systems. Two equally important directions are stressed for OOS activities: first, making satellites serviceable, and the second, creating directly servicing systems. Implementation of each direction includes a wide range of developments. In the first case, we have to consider a capability of docking with the serviced satellite, a guaranteed access to the satellite components, block-modular structure of the serviced satellite, standardization of hardware and connectors, etc. Implementation of the second direction varies from the development of servicing methods and servicing systems to satellite orbits and constellation optimization. The existing and perspective key technologies for serviceable and servicing satellite are presented. It is shown, that the economic benefit of OOS must be justified by more thoroughly from an end-to-end perspective taking into account the features of the future space infrastructure. Servicing allows extending operational lifetime of satellites and thus reducing lifecycle cost, or moreover enable for entirely new systems and mission. These effects could be achieved not only through refuelling or repairing of the satellites, but also through satellite orbit correction. OOS creates a prospect of establishing a commercial servicing and debris removal network lending form the same technology base, which constitutes, however, separate technological problems, which are closely connected with OOS.

For the selection of heating and refrigeration equipment, as well as the optimization of the components of the production line intended for the processing of meat semi-finished products, detailed information on the dependencies of the main characteristics of the products is required. Such characteristics include physico-mechanical, thermophysical, technological and many others. The authors present the methodological foundations of measurements, approaches to sample preparation and the results of an experimental study of the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of an organic emulsion. The analysis of methods and laboratory equipment for measurements taking into account the object of research was carried out. The peculiarity of the sample under study is the variable fractional composition, as well as the presence of a liquid phase in the form of water. This makes it impossible to use standard commercially available mandrels for samples. To study the characteristics of the organic emulsion, the method of stationary heat flow and the method of differential scanning calorimetry were chosen. As a result of the research, the nature of the measurement of specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity in the temperature range from -5 to 90 °C. The specific heat capacity of the sample varies from 2800 to 4410 J/(kg·K), while a phase transition of crystallization/melting of the water phase was observed. The approximation method was used to exclude it. The values of thermal conductivity vary from 0,28 to 0,49 W/(m·K).

Studies of the physicochemical properties of traditional gasoline (G), innovative gasoline (IG) and high-quality gasoline (HQG) have been carried out. The purpose of this work was to analyze the physicochemical properties of innovative, high-quality grades of gasoline, to compare the performance of these fuels with those of conventional fuel that does not contain substances that improve the operational and environmental qualities. The research of the properties of gasolines was carried out using an automatic apparatus for distillation of petroleum products ARNS-1E, indicator (octanometer) OKTAN-IM, gas analyzer INFRACAR 5M3T, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, overhead valve engine (Biggs & Stratton). It has been established that the density of gasolines, the final boiling point, the residue in the flask and the acidity correspond to the GOST standards. A six-month storage period for fuel samples does not affect the parameters of the fuel, its physical and chemical stability. It is shown that substances that improve the properties of innovative and high-quality fuels do not affect the result of measuring the octane number of gasoline. It has been established that the chemical stability of improved grades of gasoline is higher than that of traditional fuel. It is shown that innovative and high-quality gasoline is superior to gasolines that do not contain combustion-improving substances in terms of combustion efficiency. A similar conclusion was made for nitrogen oxides, the content of which is associated with the presence in gasoline of components that increase the temperature of gases that occur in the combustion chamber of the power unit.

The relevance of the research lies in the need to replenish the resource base of hydrocarbons in Russia through the development of deposits in the southern part of the East Siberian. Productive horizons in the area are characterized by increased non-uniformity, which is largely due to post-sedimentation processes. The aim of the work is to study the results of the development of halitization processes (epigenetic filling of the void space of rocks with halite). The material for the study was the data of lithological and petrophysical studies of the core, on the basis of which a statistical analysis of saline rocks was performed and the relations between reservoir properties and halite content in the paleovoids for productive horizons were constructed. Filling the void space with secondary halite has not only a negative impact on the reservoir properties of rocks, but also negatively affects the process of developing deposits. Injection of fresh water into the reservoir will cause the beginning of dissolution of salt crystals, the development of which is accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat, which in turn will entail intensive deposition of calcite crystals in the void space, since carbonate waters are widespread in the formation. As a result, the reservoir properties of productive rocks will deteriorate up to the isolation of a number of oil and gas-saturated bodies from the main drainage system of productive horizons, which will negatively affect the oil recovery coefficient and, consequently, the efficiency of the development of hydrocarbon deposits.

The complicated tectonic history of Northern Huanuco poses great difficulties for geophysical studies in the area. A terrain-corrected, regional Bouguer gravity map of the area has been produced which reflects this complexity. This map is dominated by a northwest grade, which is apparently the result of a Paleozoic tectonic boundary. This boundary seems to have at least locally exerted control on younger features leading to considerable superposition of structures in the area. The Andean chain straddles the western coast of the South American continent, parallel to a subduction zone where the Nazca plate descends beneath the South American continental plate. The area of our research was located in the northern part of the Huanuco province. Four sites were surveyed. The gravity values were calculated dataset and Bouguer corrections were applied. Finally, a Bouguer anomaly map of Peru and Bouguer anomaly maps of sites was produced based on these data.