Разработка энергетического комплекса из ветровых и тепловых электростанций в условиях Китая

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Introduction As the world’s second-largest economy, China’s energy consumption continues to increase, exacer-bating the conflict between energy security and environmental sustainability. In 2023, China’s total energy consumption exceeded 5.5 billion tons of standard coal, with fossil fuels, particularly coal, dominating the energy mix. However, the extensive use of coal has led to severe air pollution and green-house gas emissions. To address climate change and achieve sus-tainable development goals, China has proposed the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” strategy, aiming to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. This goal has accelerated the development of renewable energy in China with wind power owing to its environ-mental benefits and renewability and has become a key focus in China’s energy transition. The intermittency and instability of wind power make it difficult to solely undertake the base load power supply. Wind energy power generation fluctuates significantly owing to natural conditions, whereas the grid requires a high level of real-time supply and demand balance. This contradiction is particularly evident in regions with a high pro-portion of wind power. Thermal power, especially coal-fired power, with its stable operation and strong peak-shaving capability, is an important means of compensating for fluctuations in wind power. By implementing flexibility retrofits to coal-fired units, power out-put can be more efficiently regulated, thus achiev-ing complementary integration of wind and thermal power and providing reliability support to the grid. Therefore, this study aims to explore how to effectively integrate wind farms and coal thermal power plants under Chinese conditions to: 1) improve the stability and flexibility of the energy systems; 2) optimize the energy structure and reduce carbon emissions; 3) provide a scientific basis and technical sup-port for China’s energy strategy. 1. Overview of China energy system structure China’s energy system is predominantly coal-based, but it also includes various forms of energy, such as wind, hydro, solar, and nuclear power. In recent years, the installed capacities of wind and solar power have increased significantly. As of 2023, China’s total installed capacity for wind and photovoltaic power has reached 400 GW and 360 GW, respectively, accounting for appro-ximately 40% of the global total and sustainability (Figure 1). Below is brief information about various types of large power plants in the Chinese energy system. Coal Thermal power plant. Tuoketuo Power Station is the largest coal-fired power plant in China and the world. The plant has a nameplate capacity of 6,720 MW. It consists of eight 600 MW units, two 300 MW units, and two 660 MW ultra-supercritical units. The power plant sources its coal from the Junggar Coalfield, which is approxi-mately 50 km away. It meets its water require-ments by pumping from the Yellow River, which is located 12 km away. Tuoketuo Power Station is one of the ten most carbon-emitting coal-fired power plants in the world. In 2018, it emitted approximately 29.46 million tons of carbon dioxide, with relative emissions estimated at 1.45 kg per kWh. The electricity generated at the plant is delivered to Beijing via 500-kV transmission lines. The plant includes ultra-supercritical units, which are more efficient and produce lower emissions than traditional coal-fired units. Tuoketuo Power Station plays a significant role in China’s energy landscape, providing substantial power output while also facing challenges related to environ-mental impact and sustainability [1]. Figure 1. Evolution of electricity generation sources in China since 2000 S o u r c e: by EIA. Available from: https://www.iea.org/ countries/china (accessed: 18.07.2024) Oil power plants. China has several oil-fired power plants, although they are not as prominent as coal or hydroelectric plants. For example, Penny’s Bay Power Station, Lantau Island, Hong Kong 300 MW, is primarily used as a peaking power plant, meaning that it operates during periods of high electricity demand. Shunde Power Station Shunde, Guangdong Province 278 MW, also serves as a peaking power plant, providing additional power during peak demand times. Wuhan Zhuankou Power Station Wuhan, Hubei Province 180 MW, is used for backup power and during periods of high demand. Coloane A Power Station Macau 271 MW, Companhia de Electricidade de Macau, This plant provides power to the Macau region and is used as a backup and peaking power plant. These oil-fired power plants play a crucial role in providing backup power and meeting peak electricity demand, although their use is declining due to environmental concerns and the shift towards cleaner energy sources [2]. Natural gas power plants. China has several natural gas power plants, such as Guangdong Huizhou Natural Gas Power Plant, Huizhou, Guang-dong Province (2.400 MW). It is one of the largest natural gas power plants in China and provides significant power to the Guangdong region. It uses advanced combined-cycle gas turbine technology to achieve high efficiency and lower emissions. Shanghai Caojing Natural Gas Power Plant (2.000 MW). This plant is a key part of Shanghai’s energy infrastructure, utilizing natural gas to produce electricity with a reduced environmental impact compared to coal-fired plants. Beijing Jingneng Gas Power Plant (1.800 MW). This plant plays a crucial role in providing electricity to Beijing, particularly during peak demand periods. It is known for its high efficiency and low emissions. Tianjin Binhai Natural Gas Power Plant (1.500 MW), This plant supports the energy needs of the Tianjin region, contributing to the reduction of air pollution by using cleaner natural gas instead of coal. Zhejiang Ningbo Natural Gas Power Plant (1.200 MW) is part of Zhejiang’s efforts to diversify its energy mix and reduce reliance on coal. It uses state-of-the-art technology to maximize efficiency and minimize emissions. These natural gas power plants are part of China’s broader strategy to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the use of cleaner energy sources [3]. Nuclear power plants. China has several nuclear power plants, For example: Yangjiang Nuclear Power Plant Guangdong Province (6.000 MW). The Yangjiang Nuclear Power Plant is the largest in China, featuring six 1 GW CPR-1000 pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The plant is operated by the Yangjiang Nuclear Power Company, a sub-sidiary of the China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN). The first unit was commissioned in 2014, and the sixth unit became operational in 2019. Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant Liaoning Province (4.500 MW) consists of four 1 GW PWRs and two additional reactors under construction. It is operated by the Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Company, a joint venture between CGN and China Power Investment Corporation. Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant Zhejiang Province (4.500 MW) is one of the oldest and largest nuclear power plants in China, with multiple reactors, including PWRs and heavy water reactors. It is operated by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC). Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant Jiangsu Province (3.000 MW) features four 1 GW PWRs, with two additional reactors under construction. It is operated by the Jiangsu Nuclear Power Corporation, a subsidiary of the CNNC. Fuqing Nuclear Power Plant Fujian Province (6.000 MW) operates six PWRs, including two Hualong One reactors, which are China’s indigenous third-generation nuclear reactors. It is operated by the Fujian Fuqing Nuclear Power Company, a subsidiary of CNNC [4]. The primary challenge for nuclear power plants is to manage radioactive waste and ensure safety. Although nuclear power is a low-carbon energy source, potential accidents and long-term storage of radioactive waste pose significant risks. Additionally, the high costs and long construction times of nuclear plants can be barriers to their development. Hydro power plants. China has several hydro power plants, for example, Three Gorges Dam Hubei Province (22.500 MW). The Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric power station in the world, owing to its installed capacity. It spans the Yangtze River and was completed in 2008. The dam generates approximately 98.8 TWh of electricity annually. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam has led to significant environmental and social issues, including the displacement of over 1.3 million people and the submergence of numerous archaeological and cultural sites. Additionally, the dam has altered the ecosystem of the Yangtze River, affecting fish populations and sediment flow. Baihetan Dam Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces (16.000 MW). The Baihetan Dam is the second-largest hydroelectric power station in China. It spans the Jinsha River and was completed in 2021. The dam generates approximately 60.24 TWh of electricity annually. Similar to the Three Gorges Dam, the Baihetan Dam has caused environmental concerns, includ-ing habitat disruption and changes in river flow patterns. Construction also required the relocation of local communities. Xiluodu Dam Sichuan Province (13.860 MW), The Xiluodu Dam is the third-largest hydroelectric power station in China. It spans the Jinsha River and was completed in 2014. The dam generates approximately 55.2 TWh of electricity annually. The construction of the Xiluodu Dam has led to environmental impacts, such as changes in river flow and sediment transport. Additionally, the project required the relocation of thousands of residents [5]. Wudongde Dam Yunnan and Sichuan Pro-vinces (10.200 MW), The Wudongde Dam is the fourth-largest hydroelectric power station in China. It spans the Jinsha River and was completed in 2020. The Wudongde Dam has caused environmental concerns, including habitat disruption and changes in river flow patterns. Construction also required the relocation of local communities. Xiangjiaba Dam Sichuan Province (6.400 MW). The Xiangjiaba Dam is the fifth-largest hydro-electric power station in China. It spans the Jinsha River and was completed in 2012. The construction of the Xiangjiaba Dam has led to environmental impacts such as changes in river flow and sediment transport. Additionally, the project required the relocation of thousands of resi-dents. These hydro power plants play a crucial role in China’s energy landscape, providing substantial power output while also facing challenges related to environmental impact and sustainability. Other power plant types. Power plants can be classified into various types based on their energy source. Some common types of power plants are as follows: Solar Power Plants: These plants convert sun-light into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) panels or solar-thermal systems. Solar power plants are known for their low environmental impact and renewability. They are often used in regions with high solar insolation [6]. Wind Power Plants: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity. Wind power plants are clean and renewable energy sources with minimal environmental impact. They are commonly found in areas with consistent and strong wind. Geothermal Power Plants: These plants use heat from Earth’s interior to generate electricity. Geothermal power plants are highly efficient and have low environmental footprints. These are typically located in regions with significant geo-thermal activity. Biomass Power Plants: Biomass power plants burn organic materials, such as wood, agricultural residues, and waste, to produce electricity. They are considered renewable and can help reduce waste; however, they emit carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Tidal Power Plants: These plants harness energy from tidal movements to generate electricity. Although tidal power is predictable and renewable, the construction of tidal power plants can have a significant environmental impact on marine eco-systems [7]. Renewable energy sources. China is the world leader in electricity production from renew-able energy sources, with significant contributions from hydro, solar, and wind power. The country aims to have 80% of its total energy mix from non-fossil fuel sources by 2060 and achieve a combined 1.200 GW solar and wind capacity by 20302. In 2023, China was on track to reach 1.371 GW of wind and solar power by 2025, five years before the target. Overview of status and location of wind farms in China. The expansion of wind power in China is mainly concentrated in resource-rich areas, such as Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and the eastern coastal regions. Technological advancements have significantly reduced the cost of wind power, and the application of large wind turbines has further improved the power generation efficiency and stability. However, a high proportion of wind power integration into the grid poses a higher demand for grid dispatch and energy storage technologies. For wind farm placement investigation, it is necessary to pay attention to different factors, such as energy demand, electricity grid in operation, possibilities of wind turbine component delivery, and wind power protection. Therefore, places near major cities with a radius of 400 km were chosen. To calculate the wind power potential, attention was paid to changing various parameters such as: wind speed, air density, atmospheric pressure and temperature. This is because of the height of the modern wind turbine hub. (Blade length: Modern wind turbine blades can exceed 100 m. One of the longest blades currently in production is 108 m, which is used in the Haliade-X offshore wind turbine and can generate up to 14 megawatts (MW). Hub Heights: Onshore turbines now commonly feature hub heights of 100-160 meters, while offshore turbines can reach even greater heights. This design allows turbines to access stronger, steadier winds at higher altitudes, significantly improving energy yield [8]. As a result, it is necessary to recalculate the parameters (wind speed, air density, and atmo-spheric pressure) to the wind turbine height. There are various methods for calculating wind energy parameters depending on the external conditions[15] [9; 10]. The wind speed calculation at different heights was based on the following formula: where ℎ2 is wind speed at WT altitude, m/s; ℎ1 is wind speed at measurement altitude, m/s; ℎ2 is tower height, m; ℎ1 is wind speed measurement height (weather vane height), m;

Об авторах

Цюцзинь Чжу

Российский университет дружбы народов

Email: zhuqiujin1@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-8824-9306

старший преподаватель кафедры энергетического машиностроения, инженерная академия

Российская Федерация, 117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6

Олег Юрьевич Сигитов

Российский университет дружбы народов

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: OlegSigitov@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8541-4542
SPIN-код: 9915-2001

кандидат технических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры энергетического машиностроения, инженерная академия

Российская Федерация, 117198, г. Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6

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