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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of World History</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-8127</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-833X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52859</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-8127-2026-18-3-356-371</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PNEGHT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ ДРЕВНЕГО РИМА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Alexamenos Graffito and the history of Early Christianity in Rome at the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Граффити Алексамена и история раннего христианства в Риме на рубеже II-III вв.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3333-7980</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3687-3603</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleev</surname><given-names>Aleksey D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеев</surname><given-names>Алексей Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Institute of History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат исторических наук, доцент, Институт истории</p></bio><email>a.panteleev@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Society and Сulture of the Ancient Mediterranean</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Общество и культура античного Средиземноморья</issue-title><fpage>356</fpage><lpage>371</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Panteleev A.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Пантелеев А.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Panteleev A.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пантелеев А.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/52859">https://journals.rudn.ru/world-history/article/view/52859</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study is to reconsider the established interpretation of the Alexamenos graffito (Palatine Hill, Rome, early 3rd century AD) as a purely anti-Christian caricature and to propose a new reading of this monument within the context of the social environment of the Paedagogium - the imperial school for slaves. The study analyzes the corpus of sources related to the monument: the image itself, accompanying inscriptions and drawings from the Paedagogium, as well as the written testimonies of Tertullian, Minucius Felix, and other ancient authors. The methodological framework includes historical-comparative analysis, iconographic method, and a critical survey of scholarly approaches from the 19th to the 21st centuries - from R. Garucci to modern sociocultural interpretations (A. Soon, F. Harley-McGowan, P. Keegan). The traditional interpretation of the graffito as a pagan’s mockery of a Christian remains the most plausible, yet it can be significantly deepened through an analysis of the internal life of the Paedagogium. It is argued that the caricature served not only a parodic but also an informant function: the author deliberately employed pagan stereotypes - the worship of the donkey and the disgraceful nature of crucifixion - in order to compromise Alexamenos before his teachers in the context of fierce competition among imperial slaves. This approach allows the monument to be viewed not in isolation, but as a product of a specific social milieu in which religious identity became an instrument of intra-group rivalry.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования - пересмотреть устоявшуюся интерпретацию граффити Алексамена (Палатин, Рим, нач. III в.) как исключительно антихристианской карикатуры и предложить его новое прочтение в контексте социальной среды Педагогиума - императорской школы для рабов. Проанализирован корпус источников, связанных с памятником: само изображение, сопутствующие надписи и рисунки из Педагогиума, а также письменные свидетельства Тертуллиана, Минуция Феликса и античных авторов. Методологическая основа включает историко-сравнительный анализ, иконографический метод и критический обзор исследовательских подходов XIX-XXI вв. - от Р. Гаруччи до современных социокультурных интерпретаций (А. Сун, Ф. Харли-МакГован, П. Киган). Традиционное толкование граффити как насмешки язычника над христианином остается наиболее обоснованным, однако может быть значительно углублено за счет анализа внутренней жизни Педагогиума. Важно, что карикатура выполняла не только пародийную, но и доносительскую функцию: автор сознательно использовал языческие стереотипы - почитание осла, позорный характер распятия, - чтобы скомпрометировать Алексамена перед наставниками в условиях острой конкуренции среди императорских рабов. Такой подход позволяет рассматривать памятник не изолированно, а как продукт специфической социальной среды, где религиозная идентичность становилась инструментом внутригрупповой борьбы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Roman Empire</kwd><kwd>Paedagogium</kwd><kwd>archaeology</kwd><kwd>anti-Christian polemic</kwd><kwd>parody</kwd><kwd>Roman slavery</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Римская империя</kwd><kwd>Педагогиум</kwd><kwd>археология</kwd><kwd>антихристианская полемика</kwd><kwd>пародия</kwd><kwd>римское рабство</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panteleev A.“They would never approach an Assembly of Wise Men”: Sophists, Anti-Sophists, and Early Christianity. The Journal of Education and Science “Istoriya”. 2020;11(6):20. 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